Dictation 1 / 听写 1

1. Dictation 1 / 听写1 Dictation test 1 / 听写测验1 25 vocabularies of chapters 1 to 3 第1章至第3章的25个词汇。

2. Lecture 9 Chapter 4 Transcription in Eukaryotes 4.1 Eukaryotic RNA polymerases 4.2 Eukaryotic Promoters 4.3 General Transcription Factors and Initiation 4.4 Specific Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Regulation 4.5 Structures of specific transcription factors 4.6 Experiments 第4章 真核生物转录 4.1 真核生物RNA聚合酶 4.2 真核生物启动子 4.3 通用转录因子与 转录起始 4.4 特异转录因子与 转录调控 4.5 特异转录因子的结构 4.6 实验研究

3. Transcription in Eukaryotes: any difference?真核生物转录：有什么不同吗？ Chapter 1 – Proteins are very important Chapter 2 – DNAstores information Chapter 3 – Transcription inProkaryotes Chapter 4 – Transcription in Eukaryotes

4. Transcription in prokaryotes

5. An eukaryotic cell has a nucleus 真核生物细胞具有细胞核 An eukaryotic cell 真核生物细胞 A prokaryotic cell 原核生物细胞

6. Transcription in eukaryotes Specific transcription factor General transcription factors General transcription factors Eukaryotic RNA polymerase II and transcription factors

7. Questions for Lecture 9 Q1→ How many RNA polymerases are used by eukaryotes? What are their products?真核生物使用几种RNA聚合酶？它们分别生产什么？ Q2→ What promoter is recognized by RNA polymerase II? What components does it have?RNA聚合酶II使用什么启动子？它有哪些组成部分？ Q3→ Can RNA polymerase II initiate transcription by itself? What proteins are needed to help it?RNA聚合酶II自己能否起始转录？它需要哪些蛋白帮助？

8. Vocabulary of Lecture 9 (1/2) transcription factor general transcription factor specific transcription factor precursor nucleolus nucleus nucleoplasm crab claw association dissociation element 转录因子 通用转录因子 特异性转录因子 前体 核仁 细胞核 核质 蟹钳 结合，联合 解离，脱离 （DNA）元件

9. Vocabulary of Lecture 9 (2/2) housekeeping gene core promoter TATA box initiator TFIIB recognition unit downstream promoter element pre-initiation complex a succession of 持家基因 核心启动子 TATA框 起始子 TFIIB识别单元 下游启动子元件 前起始复合体 一系列

10. Q1→ How many RNA polymerases are used by eukaryotes? What are their products?真核生物使用几种RNA聚合酶？它们分别生产什么？ Prokaryotes Eukaryotes mRNA tRNA rRNA mRNA tRNA rRNA ... RNA polymerase

11. A1→ 4.1 Eukaryotic RNA polymerases 真核生物RNA聚合酶 Table 4.1 Eukaryotic RNA polymerases and their roles 表4.1 真核生物RNA聚合酶和它们的作用

12. Locations of RNA polymerases Nucleolus ( RNA polymerase I ) Nucleoplasm ( RNA polymerase II and III )

13. RNA polymerase I RNA polymerase I rRNA precursor Processing 5.8S rRNA 18S rRNA 28S rRNA

14. RNA polymerase III RNA polymerase III RNA precursor Processing 5S rRNA U6 snRNA 4.5S tRNA

15. RNA polymerase II RNA polymerase II RNA precursor mRNA Processing Translation snRNAs Protein

16. RNA polymerase II Holoenzyme:Core enzyme (β’, β & α) + Subunit σ RNA pol II:Core subunits (1, 2 & 3) + Subunits 4-12

17. RNA polymerase II

18. Q2→ What promoter is recognized by RNA polymerase II? What components does it have?RNA聚合酶II识别什么启动子？它有哪些组成部分？ Prokaryotic promoter RNA polymerase I RNA polymerase II RNA polymerase III Eukaryotes

19. A2→ 4.2 Eukaryotic Promoters真核生物启动子 Promoter of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II 真核生物RNA聚合酶II的启动子

20. Eukaryotic Promoters真核生物启动子 “I would like to have TATA box and Initiator as my promoter. What would you like?” “Well, I prefer BRE and DPE.”

21. TATA box TATA框：共有序列为TATAAA的真核启动子元件。 TATA box:A eukaryotic promoter element with the consensus sequence TATAAA. -10 box TATAAT TATAAA

22. Specialized genes have TATA boxes TATA box Specialized genes + Housekeeping genes – Genes of development – Why housekeeping genes lack TATA box in their promoters? 为什么管家基因的启动子中缺少TATA框呢？

23. DPE: Downstream Promoter Element 下游启动子元件（DPE）：出现在转录起始位点下游的真核生物启动子元件。 Downstream promoter element (DPE):A eukaryotic promoter element that occurs downstream of the transcription start site. A T G CG

24. Initiator / 起始子 起始子：在转录起始中起作用的真核启动子元件。 Initiator:An element of eukaryotic promoters, involved in initiation of transcription. T A PyPyAN PyPy

25. BRE: TFIIBRecognition Element TFIIB识别元件（BRE）：真核生物中与通用转录因子TFIIB结合的启动子元件。 TFIIB recognition element (BRE):Promoter element in eukaryotes that binds to the TFIIB general transcription factor. GGG CCA CGCC

26. Q3→ Can RNA polymerase II initiate transcription by itself? What proteins are needed to help it?RNA聚合酶II自己能否起始转录？它需要哪些蛋白的帮助？ RNA polymerase II Prokaryotic RNA polymerase

27. A3→ 4.3 General Transcription Factors and Initiation（通用转录因子与转录起始） 前起始复合体：在转录起始前一组通用转录因子II（TFIIs）和RNA聚合酶II在每个II类基因启动子位置组装产生的结构。 Pre-initiation complex:A group of general transcription factors II (TFIIs) and RNA polymerase II that assemble at the promoter of each Class II gene before initiation of transcription.

28. General transcription factors通用转录因子 通用转录因子：与RNA聚合酶中的一种参与形成前起始复合体的真核生物因子。 General transcription factors:Eukaryotic factors that participate, along with one of the RNA polymerases, in forming a pre-initiation complex. Factors（因子） Proteins（蛋白质） Elements（元件） DNA segments（DNA区段）

29. 4.3.1 TFIID TFIID：一种能与多个启动子元件和特异性转录因子结合的RNA聚合酶II通用转录因子。 TFIID:A general transcriptional factor for RNA polymerase II that binds to multiple promoter elements and specific transcription factors.

30. TBP: TATA-Binding Protein TATA-binding protein (TBP):A protein subunit of TFIID that often binds to the TATA box. TATA结合蛋白（TBP）：通常与TATA框结合的TFIID蛋白亚基。

31. Show 3D structure of TBP File: TBP-TATA box complex 1.val

32. TAFIIs: TBP-Associated FactorsII

33. TAFIIs: 1) Binding to DPE or Inr 结合到核心启动子元件上去促进转录

34. TAFIIs: 2) Binding to Activator 与特异转录因子结合以增强或抑制转录

35. 4.3.2 Other TFIIs

36. Now showingInitiation of Transcription File: biophoto7 \ Life \ Initiation of transcription (5’)

37. Initiation of transcription (1/6) In eukaryotes, a number of proteins, called transcription factors, must bind to a promoter before RNA polymerase II can bind and initiate transcription. The first transcription factor (TF) to bind has been named TFIID. TFIID binds to a region of the promoter called the TATA box, which contains the sequence TATAT.

38. Initiation of transcription (2/6) Following TFIID binding, a succession of other transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bind, forming an initiation complex.

39. Initiation of transcription (3/6) Although this complex is often capable of initiating transcription, for many genes, other proteins are required for a high rate of transcription.

40. Initiation of transcription (4/6) Just upstream of the promoter, there may be a region of DNA that can bind to regulator proteins. A regulator protein binds to the regulator region and to the transcription initiation complex, thereby activating it.

41. Initiation of transcription (5/6) Enhancer regions are yet other transcriptionally important regions on the DNA, and they are frequently located some distance from the promoter, often tens of thousands of base pairs away. Activator proteins bind to enhancers, and then attach to the transcription-initiation complex, stimulating it strongly.

42. Initiation of transcription (6/6) If a cell has all of the appropriate DNA sequences, and if all the necessary regulator proteins and transcription factors are present and in place, transcription begins and the gene is expressed. Otherwise, no transcription takes place and the gene in silent.

43. Now showing again

44. Essentials of Lecture 9 / 第9讲要点 A1→ 4.1 Eukaryotic RNA polymerases 真核生物RNA聚合酶 A2→ 4.2 Eukaryotic Promoters真核生物启动子 A3→ 4.3 General Transcription Factors and Initiation 通用转录因子与转录起始

45. A1→ 4.1 Eukaryotic RNA polymerases 真核生物RNA聚合酶 Table 4.1 Eukaryotic RNA polymerases and their roles 表4.1 真核生物RNA聚合酶和它们的作用

46. A2→ 4.2 Eukaryotic Promoters真核生物启动子 Promoter of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II 真核生物RNA聚合酶II的启动子

47. A3→ 4.3 General Transcription Factors and Initiation（通用转录因子与转录起始） 前起始复合体：在转录起始前一组通用转录因子II（TFIIs）和RNA聚合酶II在每个II类基因启动子位置组装产生的结构。 Pre-initiation complex:A group of general transcription factors II (TFIIs) and RNA polymerase II that assemble at the promoter of each Class II gene before initiation of transcription.

48. Lecture 10 Chapter 4 Transcription in Eukaryotes 4.1 Eukaryotic RNA polymerases 4.2 Eukaryotic Promoters 4.3 General Transcription Factors and Initiation 4.4 Specific Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Regulation 4.5 Structures of specific transcription factors 4.6 Experiments 第4章 真核生物转录 4.1 真核生物RNA聚合酶 4.2 真核生物启动子 4.3 通用转录因子与 转录起始 4.4 特异转录因子与 转录调控 4.5 特异转录因子的结构 4.6 实验研究

49. Questions for Lecture 10 Q1→ What proteins are needed to help RNA polymerases I and III to initiate transcription?RNA聚合酶I和III需要哪些蛋白帮助来起始转录？ Q2→ What are the two types of specific transcription factors? How can they affect initiation of transcription? 特异转录因子分哪两种类型？ 它们是如何影响转录起始的？ Q3→ What are enhancers ? What are silencers ? 什么是增强子？什么是沉默子? Q4→ What kind of DNA-binding motif do prokaryotic proteins have? 原核生物具有什么样的DNA结合基序?