Chemical (Industrial) Disasters : On-Site Emergency Response

Chemical (Industrial) Disasters : On-Site Emergency Response Surendra Kumar Consultant, FICCI and Core Group Member- National Disaster Management Guidelines : Chemical (Industrial) Disasters

Framework • Objectives and Legal Framework • Building Blocks of On-Site Response • Dynamic On Site Emergency Plans Training, Testing, Analysis and Improvement…. NDMG- CDM • Recommendations

Framework • Objectives and Legal Framework Building Blocks of On-Site Response • Dynamic On Site Emergency Plans Training, Testing, Analysis and Improvement…. NDMG- CDM • Recommendations

Objectives • On-Site Response : Most important component of CDM • Spells out industry initiatives and policy decisions on safety tolerances – striving for zero accident Prepared with the help of hazard and operability studies for design, technology, siting process, P&I and other safety enumerates • To carve out measures and steps for continued safety and security of all stakeholders including employees and neighborhood • Response should deliver on prevention, preparedness and mitigation as management ethos to contain all toxic releases within controllable approaches

Shift in Approach (Prior to NDMG- CDM) Main Priority- Emergency Response

Shift in Approach (After NDMG- CDM) Main Priority- Prevention / Preparedness – Zero Tolerance

Legal Framework • Environment Protection Act 1986 • MSIHC Rules 1989 • On-Site Plan • Off-Site Plan • CA (EPPR) Rules 1996 • Mock Drills Mandatory at defined interval • Factory Act and Rules • Compliance : ‘On Site’ plans in place of only 1628 MAH Units/ 1666 MAH units . 38 MAH Units not even have ‘On Site’ Plans

Framework • Objectives and Legal Framework • Building Blocks of On-Site Response • Dynamic On Site Emergency Plans-Training, Testing, Analysis and Improvement…. NDMG- CDM • Recommendations

Building Blocks for On-Site Response Plans Dissemination of Information- Press and Electronic Medias Emergency Functionaries -District, Fire , Police, Health, Transportation Communication- PA, Walkie/talkie, Mobiles Safety Auditing- Monthly, Yearly, Daily Exception Testing/ Auditing: Radiography, Hydraulic Testing and Thickness Survey Post Commissioning HAZOP/HAZAN Pre Commissioning HAZOP/HAZAN

DISPERSION CONTOUR SUPERIMPOSITION ON LOCATION MAP • Without Plant Safety / Neutralization Measures • Tank rupture release • Releases in vapour or liquid form • Corresponding IDLH / STEL Distances • Expected Population Affected • With Plant Safety / Neutralization Measures • Tank rupture release • Releases in vapour or liquid form • Neutralization Measures • Corresponding IDLH / STEL Distances - NIL • Expected Population Affected -NIL

Emergency Control Plan- On-Site • Emergency Situation- Leak (Detectors) • Alarms (Level 1, 2 and 3) • All Clear Signal • Meteorological Situation (wind socks, anemometer) • Emergency Control Centers (2 in perpendicular directions) • Ambulance Routes for Medical Aids (2 (in perpendicular section) • Safe Assembly Points (at different locations based on micrometeorology with emergency exits) • Transportation and evacuation system in place

Dynamic On Site Emergency Plans- …. NDMG- CDM • Plant Emergency Organisation • Designated person in charge/alternates. • Functions of each key individual and group. • Telephone numbers (office and home) for key people/alternates. • Plant Risk Evaluation/Information on Preliminary Hazard Analysis • Quantity of HAZMATs. • Location of HAZMATs. • Properties of each (MSDS sheets). • Location of isolation valves. • Special fire-fighting procedures (if any). • Special handling requirements. • Type of accidents. • System elements or events that can lead to a MAH • Safety relevant components.

Dynamic On Site Emergency Plans- …. NDMG- CDM • Details about the site • Location of dangerous substances. • Seat of key personnel. • Emergency control room. • Description of HAZCHEM at the plant site • Chemicals (quantities and toxicological data). • Transformation if any, which could occur. • Purity of HAZCHEM. • Likely dangers to the plant • Enumerate effects of • Stress and strain caused during normal operation. • Fire and explosion inside the plant and effect if any, of fire and explosion outside.

Dynamic On Site Emergency Plans- …. NDMG- CDM Details regarding • Warning alarm and safety and security. • Alarm and hazard control plans in line with disaster control planning, ensuring the necessary technical and organisational precautions. • Reliable measuring instruments, control units and servicing of such equipment. • Precautions in designing of the foundation and load bearing parts of the building. • Continuous surveillance of operations. • Maintenance and repair work according to the generally recognised rules of good engineering practises. • Details of communication facilities available during emergency and those required for an Off-Site emergency. • Details of fire fighting and other facilities available and those required for an Off-Site emergency. • Details of first aid and hospital services available and its adequacy. • External organisation if involved in assisting during an On-Site emergency • Type of accidents. • Responsibility assigned.

Dynamic On Site Emergency Plans- …. NDMG- CDM Area Risk Evaluation • Properties of HAZMAT at nearby plants. • Population clusters nearby. • Contacts (names, telephone numbers) at other sites. • Established procedures for notification of chemical release at other sites in area. Notification Procedures and Communication Systems • Alarm systems. • Communication equipment (radios, hot lines, etc.) plant management, local officials and response agencies, neighbouring industries, nearby residents. • Names and telephone numbers (with alternates) list. • Designated person for media contacts. • Procedure for notifying families of injured employees. • Central reporting office.

Dynamic On Site Emergency Plans- …. NDMG- CDM Emergency Equipment and Facilities • Fire-fighting equipment. • Emergency medical supplies. • Toxic gas detectors (where needed). • Wind direction/speed indicators. • Self-contained breathing apparatus. • Protective clothing. • Other On-Site equipment to be specified according to local conditions. • Containment capabilities.

Dynamic On Site Emergency Plans- …. NDMG- CDM Training and Drills • Knowledge of chemicals (properties, toxicity, etc.). Procedures for reporting emergencies. • Knowledge of alarm systems. • Location of fire-fighting equipment. • Use of fire-fighting equipment. • Use of protective equipment (respirators, breathing air, clothing, etc.). • Decontamination procedures for protective clothing and equipment. • Evacuation procedures. • Frequent, documented simulated emergencies.

Dynamic On Site Emergency Plans- …. NDMG- CDM Regular Tests of Emergency Organisation/Procedures • Simulated emergencies. • Documented, frequent alarm system. • Frequent tests of fire-fighting equipment. • Evacuation practice. • On-going emergency preparedness committee. Plan Updates • Annual or more frequent if needed. • Reflect results of drills and tests.

Dynamic On Site Emergency Plans- …. NDMG- CDM Emergency Response Procedures • Communications. • Evacuation or safe haven. • Medical (include handling of multiple injuries). • Special procedures for toxic gas releases (chlorine, etc.). • Hurricane procedures (coastal area only). • Utility failure procedures. • Individual unit emergency procedures. • Bomb threat procedures. Detailed Operating Manuals (for each process unit and utility system) • Start-up/shutdown emergency procedures. • Analysis of potential incidents. • Emergency response and action to be taken for each incident.

Dynamic On Site Emergency Plans- …. NDMG- CDM Established Emergency Response Durations • Sounding of alert level III (for Off-Site emergency). • Communication to control room—wind speed and direction and for recorded message transmission to nearby community through public address system. • Actuation of stand-by systems. • Hotline/communication to first responders—the police and fire brigade. • Mobilisation of internal resources. • Affected plant/system stoppage. • Replacement of operation staff with other plant/unit personnel. • Fire tender/ambulance. • Employees and visitors shifting to assembly points. • Energising fire hydrant/foam or other specified protection system. • Isolating the leaky area. • Emergency crew repairing/isolating leakages. Procedure for Returning to Normal Operations • Interface and lines of communications with Off-Site officials. All clear siren or in case of aggravation of emergency—initiation of full scale Off-Site measures including broadcast, evacuation, diversion of all types of traffic etc. and full scale operation of medical emergency system

Information for use in the Off-site Emergency Plan This is a section in the On-Site emergency plan for use in the Off-Site emergency plan. • Summary of risk analysis, vulnerability zone for those scenarios which can escalate into off-site emergencies. • List of resources required to handle the off-site emergencies foreseen in the On-Site plan, their assessment of the adequacy and prompt full scale availability (establishment of response time), route/alternate route clearance, diversion/stoppage of traffic on mobilisation routes. • If own resources (such as equipment, trained man-power, medical help etc.) are not adequate to meet such off-site emergencies, to clarify the arrangement (formal or informal) made to obtain the additional resources (e.g., mutual aid or arrangement with the public response agencies) mentioning the salient terms of such arrangements.

Information for use in the Off-site Emergency Plan This is a section in the On-Site emergency plan for use in the Off-Site emergency plan. Organisations involved (including key personnel) and responsibilities and liaison arrangements between them. • Information about the site including likely locations of dangerous substances, personnel and emergency control rooms. • Technical information such as chemical and physical characteristics and dangers of the substances and plant. • Identify the facilities and transport routes. • Contact for further advice e.g., meteorological information, transport, temporary food and accommodation, first aid and hospital services, water and agricultural authorities. • Communication links including telephones, radios and standby methods. • Special equipment including fire-fighting materials, damage control and repair items. • Details of emergency response procedures. • Notify the public. • Evacuation arrangements. • Arrangements for dealing with the press and other media interests. • Longer term clean up.

Information for use in the Off-site Emergency Plan This is a section in the On-Site emergency plan for use in the Off-Site emergency plan. • What resources can be spared by the industrial unit for use in the Off-Site emergency arising out of On-Site emergencies of other units and what is the arrangement for releasing such resources? • How has the community awareness programme been planned? How has the community been identified (from which zone/part or full vulnerability zone based on well established wind-roses)? Have the key opinion makers who can play an active role been identified? (Give list along with their contact details). Has the selection of the community or that of key persons in the community beendone in consultation with the district authority, etc.?

Information for use in the Off-site Emergency Plan This is a section in the On-Site emergency plan for use in the Off-Site emergency plan. • Has insurance under the Public Liability Insurance Act been obtained? Give summary. • Designate a contact person who would be authorised to coordinate for the Off-Site plan and his contact details. • Technical team (chemical-wise) in case of an Off-Site emergency that has taken place due to escalation of an On-Site incident, contact details of its members.

Structuring of On/Off-Site Planning Prob of leak Overlapping Zone INDUSTRY System needs to be added/up graded Stakeholder/ Existing system On-Site Off-Site Safe Zone WORKING AREA

To make this area less hazardous • Coordination between blue dots • Capacity Building of violet dots • Safety of both zones • Pooling of resources from safe zone to vulnerable zone • Education, Training for all • Building up an Institutional and Infrastructural Frame work

Structuring of On/Off-Site Planning Coordination Strengthened Area INDUSTRY Pooling of Resources On-Site Off-Site Safe Zone Strengthened Area during long- term plan Less Hazardous AREA

Recommendations • Re-update your On-Site plans based on the National Disaster Management Guidelines- Chemical (Industrial) Disaster Management • Revisit the worst case scenarios in the presence of increased threats – include security aspects also • Development of effective linkages with Off-Site Plans and Responders • Conduction of regular mock drills in the presence of neutral observers and regular reporting of the implementation of lessons learnt from these drills to the respective authorities constituted in the aftermath of Disaster Management Act, 2005 • Proactive involvement of Industry to validate the practical applicability of their On-Site Plans by different management authorities or neutral consultants/ organization involved in this task……….. Accreditation mechanism

Thank You

Chemical (Industrial) Disasters : On-Site Emergency Response