Early United States (6.1)

1. Early United States (6.1)

2. Washington’s Administration • George Washington (Federalist) • President • John Adams (Federalist) • Vice President • Alexander Hamilton (Federalist) • Secretary of the Treasury • Thomas Jefferson (Anti-Federalist) • Secretary of State

3. Washington’s Administration cont. • Washington had confidence in his new government • The United States had “so much unamity” even though “so widely scattered, and so different in their habits” • http://www.businessinsider.com/22-maps-that-show-the-deepest-linguistic-conflicts-in-america-2013-6#so-are-traffic-circles-13

4. United States After Ratification • National government is stronger, but it is still not clear how powerful it will be, no precedents have been set • Big issue in the United States: States (especially in North) have a lot of debt from war • Since national government was weak during Revolution, states funded a lot of the war • Hamilton saw this as an opportunity to increase the role of the national government

5. Hamilton’s Program (Domestic) • 1790- Alexander Hamilton’s plan approved for national government to assume state governments debts • Debts came from European banks, American merchants, and American speculators (BMS) • A national government with debt strengthens the national government • Creditors (BMS) do not want debtors (national government) to be unable to pay loans and go bankrupt • Forces creditors (BMS) to support debtors (national government) • Paid back creditors with interest in order to ensure that creditors would always care about the US • If states kept debt, creditors (BMS) would only care for states

6. Hamilton’s Plan cont. • Problem- If national government takes the states’ debt, then South would be paying more than if debts stayed with states • Citizens pay taxes to federal government, taxes help alleviate the debt • Technically, South would be paying for North’s debt • Solution- Hamilton brokers deal to put future national capital in the South

7. Hamilton’s Plan cont. • How will national government make money to pay creditors? • Set a specific budget and payment plan • Tariffs (1789)- taxed on imported goods • Whiskey Tax (1791)- tax on distilled liquors • Many people thought this taxation system was too similar to British

8. Foreign Policy • French Revolution began in 1789 • “liberty, fraternity, and equality” turned into Reign of Terror • Americans Split over French Revolution • Federalists were against- democratic revolution wrong • Anti-Federalists supported- thought as extension of American Revolution, “would have seen half the earth desolated rather than see the French Revolution fail” • French Revolution led to French war with British

9. French Revolution in Pictures

10. French Revolution in Pictures

11. French Revolution in Pictures

12. French Revolution in Pictures

13. French Revolution in Pictures

14. Foreign Policy Issues Cont. • Proclaiming American Neutrality • Tough to choose sides: • French- helped US during Revolutionary War • British- controlled the oceans and often searched US ships • Washington declared neutrality in 1793 after election • Jay’s Treaty • Chief Justice John Jay sent to London to avoid war and address ships • Jay’s Treaty- British leave NW Territory forts but still search US ships • US citizens mad because nautical rights are violated, but treaty still passed in 1795

15. Hamilton vs. Jefferson • Jefferson and Hamilton disagree often • Jefferson resigned from Cabinet in 1793 because he felt outnumbered by Federalists • Jefferson= strict construction- government should only have implied powers of Constitution • Jefferson had faith in people, smaller government • Hamilton= loose construction- loose framework that government could use as it saw fit • Hamilton had less faith in people, larger government

16. Political Parties Emerge • Federalists and Anti-Federalists did not want political parties that would lead to a civil war • However, distinct parties begin following the Whiskey Rebellion

17. Whiskey Rebellion • Western PA frontiersmen refused to pay whiskey tax • Rebellion- rebels closed courts and attacked tax collectors- similar to Shays • Summer 1794- first time new US government rallies troops to quell rebels

18. Election of 1796 • Jefferson, Anti-Federalists, and many citizens thought that national government was too powerful • Ex. Economy, treaties with Britain, Whiskey Rebellion • Jeffersonian-Republicans • Established Democratic Societies- opposed Federalists • Washington chose not to run- set precedent for future • John Adams and Thomas Pinckney (Federalists) vs. Jefferson and Burr (Democratic-Republicans) • Adams won- Jefferson finished second in race so he became VP • Federalists and Democratic-Republicans were first political parties • Definition- group of people who seek to win elections and hold public office to shape government

19. Washington’s Farewell • Although ‘Federalist’ he did not like political parties • “A system of political parties agitates the community…riot and insurrection” • http://www.politicalcompass.org/test • Called for permanent neutrality, as US has unique geographic location to maintain it