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The Fertile Crescent

The Fertile Crescent. The FC was in present day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Syria & Iraq. Mesopotamia - land between two rivers. Tigris Euphrates Present Day Iraq Settled 5000 BC Flat plain Need protection from flooding rivers & from invaders built dams & channels irrigation.

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The Fertile Crescent

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  1. The Fertile Crescent The FC was in present day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Syria & Iraq

  2. Mesopotamia- land between two rivers • Tigris • Euphrates • Present Day Iraq • Settled 5000 BC • Flat plain • Need protection from flooding rivers & from invaders • built dams & channels • irrigation

  3. Sumerian Civilization (3000 BC) • City State – an independent state consisting of the city & the farms around it • (12) within Sumer valley • common culture, language, religion

  4. Religion • Polytheistic – believed in many gods • each City State has a temple – Ziggurat

  5. Deities • unpredictable & selfish • bring famine, disease, flood, destruction • priests & priestesses ask for blessings • ceremonies to appease gods • An – god of seasons • Enlil – wind and agriculture • Underworld – no light or air

  6. The Story on Enmesh and Enten • Summer Myth in which Enlil, son of the Sumerian supreme God chooses the gifts of Enten (creator of animals over Enmesh creator of villages) • Importance of Neolithic

  7. Government • Kings are also priests, responsible for pleasing the deity. • This makes the government a Theocracy – or government controlled by religious leaders

  8. Sumerian inventions(develop around the need to trade) • wheel • arch – sturdier buildings • potter’s wheel • sundial • # system (based on 60) • lunar calendar • 1st bronze • Cuneiform – writing • symbols for ideas & objects • hard to learn  scribe class studies at eddubas • business, history, literature

  9. Empires of Mesopotamia & Hammurabi’s Code

  10. Sargon of Akkad– 2350 BC • conquered all c-s of Sumer • 1st Empire – many peoples & previously independent states under one ruler

  11. Hammurabi of Babylon • When- 1792- approx. 1750 B.C.E. • Problem – many different laws & customs throughout the land and acts of vengeance were common • Solution- Created a codified law system based on class rank. Harsh punishments

  12. Pillar of Law

  13. Hammurabi’s Code:“to make justice appear in the land” • 1st “Codified” Law (organized law code) • 1st Written law – engraved on stones throughout the empire • Uniform – all cs had to abide by it

  14. Questions • What categories does it deal with? • Is there equality under Hammurabi’s law? • Does it “make justice appear in the land?” • How do Hammurabi’s laws compare with ours in terms of the 1. types of laws, 2. types of punishments, 3. goal of the law?

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