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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. SYSTEM RESOURCE. Introduction. Operating system manage data exchange between hardware and CPU based on system resources. Data is transported on the system bus. Definitions. Definitions: A tools that hardware or software used to exchange information with each other.

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 SYSTEM RESOURCE

  2. Introduction • Operating system manage data exchange between hardware and CPU based on system resources. Data is transported on the system bus.

  3. Definitions • Definitions: • A tools that hardware or software used to exchange information with each other. • There are 4 types • Interrupt request numbers –IRQs • Memory address. • Input/Output - I/O address. • Direct memory access - DMA

  4. Interrupt request numbers –IRQs • Is a line of motherboards which the hardware devices can be used to send signals to the CPU, notify the CPU know that the device needs attention. • Each IRQ line is assigned a number from 0 to 15 for identification. • IRQs have the lowest number would be higher priority than the other way.

  5. Interrupt request numbers

  6. Memory address • Is the number assigned to the physical memory in the chip RAM or ROM chips. • Software can access memory using the address. Memory address is transmitted on the address bus. • Operating systems see the same memory of a long list of cells used to store data and commands. • Each cell is assigned a number beginning with 0

  7. Memory address

  8. Input/Output - I/O address • Is the number assigned to the hardware, the software uses these numbers to send commands to the device. • Each device to "hear" on this number and respond according to the number assigned to it. • Address input / output is transmitted on the address bus.

  9. I/O address

  10. I/O address www.themegallery.com

  11. Direct memory access - DMA • Direct memory access (DMA) is a feature of modern computers and microprocessors that allows certain hardware subsystems within the computer to access system memory for reading and/or writing independently of the central processing unit. • Many hardware systems use DMA including: disk drive controllers, graphics cards, network cards and sound cards. • DMA is also used for intra-chip data transfer in multi-core processors, especially in multiprocessor system-on-chips, where its processing element is equipped with a local memory (often called scratchpad memory) • DMA is used for transferring data between the local memory and the main memory.

  12. Computer startup • BIOS boot run the POST program and assign the system resources • ROM BIOS to run the program to find and load the operating system • Operating system configuration and complete the system itself is loaded • Load the software application and enforcement www.themegallery.com

  13. 1. Run the POST program • POST program microprocessor checks by giving it a test run a few simple commands. • And then, POST will read CMOS RAM memory, where is storing information about memory type and capacity of the drives on your computer system. • Next, POST write and read some different pieces of data • Next, POST initiate information to each device (you can see on the keyboard is the light). • BIOS will continue testing the hardware and then review the A drive for DOS; if drive A is not found, it passes through the C drive review

  14. Hardware interrupts disabled. • The hardware devices are installed on the computer are checked and compared with the configuration information • Monitor, memory, keyboard, floppy disk drives, hard drives, ports and other hardware devices are tested and configured • The IRQ, address I / O, and DMA assignment is done • Identified a little of devices in “sleep” mode to save power. www.themegallery.com

  15. Assign the system resources

  16. 2. Find and load the operating system • BIOS find in the CMOS to determine the boot device. • Search Master Boot Record (MBR) and partition have contain File Allocation Table (FAT) and loads the first file to startup OS. • Windows NT/2000/XP: Ntldr. • Windows 9x: io.sys • The program loads the operating system starts loading the operating system into memory. www.themegallery.com

  17. www.themegallery.com

  18. Operating system configuration and complete the system itself is loaded • Load the software application and enforcement www.themegallery.com

  19. THANK YOU

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