Keynote Address Russell S. Peak, PhD Associate Director & Senior Researcher

1. A Thing or Two about Information Management and Component-based Knowledge GraphsWith Applications to After-Sales Keynote Address Russell S. Peak, PhD Associate Director & Senior Researcher Product & Systems Lifecycle Mgt. Center www.pslm.gatech.edu www.sorman.com

2. Synopsis Abstract Models confront us constantly in both obvious and not-so-obvious ways. This talk highlights key concepts to effectively handle such models -- both on the job and in everyday life -- with examples from Dr. Seuss, high school physics, and airframes -- and points in between. We conclude with implications for the aftermarket. Speaker Biosketch Since joining the Georgia Tech research faculty in 1996, Russell S. Peak has led a variety of R&D efforts including sponsored projects in aerospace, automotive, and electronics. Dr. Peak specializes in information technology and knowledge-based methods for complex systems, including applications to product lifecycle management (PLM) and simulation. Citation RS Peak (2007) A Thing or Two about Information Management and Component-based Knowledge Graphs With Applications to After-Sales. Keynote Address. Sorman After-Sales Conference. Frankfurt. http://eislab.gatech.edu/pubs/conferences/2007-sac-peak/

3. Georgia Tech Fun Facts 1885 1903 1948 1996 2007 Graduate SchoolRankings Foundedin Atlanta Faculty 5 Professors 5 Shop Supervisors Students 129 undergrads in MechanicalEngineering First full-time football coach JohnHeisman Renamed Georgia Institute of Technology Served as Olympic Village for 10,000+ athletes/staff 1st Industrial and Systems Engineering 3rd Biomedical Engineering 4th Aerospace Engineering 4th Civil Engineering 7th Computer Engineering 7th Electrical Engineering 7th Mechanical Engineering 7th Environmental Engineering

4. Georgia Tech Enrollment (2005) Graduate Architecture 340 Computing 496 Engineering 3,189 Liberal Arts 260 Management 241 Sciences 768 Total 5,294 Undergraduate Architecture 748 Computing 919 Engineering 6,989 Liberal Arts 761 Management 1,168 Sciences 1,039 Undeclared 217 Total 11,841 Degrees Conferred Bachelor’sMaster’sPhD Architecture 137 105 4 Computing 305 133 25 Engineering 1,372 838 250 Liberal Arts 169 82 8 Management 345 140 3 Sciences 184 102 65 Institute Total 2,512 1,400 355

5. Georgia TechManufacturing Research Center Prof. Steven Danyluk Director

6. Product & Systems Lifecycle Management Center • Sample Application Domains • Factory design & simulation • Fluid power systems • Mechatronics & electronics • SysE - MCAD/E - ECAD/E - SWE testbeds • Circuit board warpage • Sample Research and Enabling Technologies • Set-based design • Knowledge patterns for simulation-based design (SBD) • SysML and composable objects (COBs) • Applications to SBD templates & CAD-CAE interoperability www.pslm.gatech.edu Defining next-gen. systems-of-systems (SoS) and product lifecycle management (PLM).

7. Contents • Information Management Principles • Fundamental Things • Intermediate / Advanced Concepts • Knowledge Graphs and Component-based Modeling • SysML and Composable Objects (COBs) • Patterns for Simulation Templates With Applications to After-Sales

8. Information Management Fundamentals With Applications to After-Sales • Principle 1: Existence

13. Information Management Fundamentals With Applications to After-Sales • Principle 1: Existence • No Thing • Some Thing • Some Things

14. After-Sales Applications Symptom:No Things What to Fix:Some Things But Specifically What Things?

15. Information Management Fundamentals With Applications to After-Sales • Principle 1: Existence • No Thing • Some Thing • Some Things • Principle 2: Identity

16. Cat in the Hat Published in 1957 Non-conventional reading primer #9 of US “Top 10 Best Selling Children’s Books” 1626 words total 236 unique words 54 occur exactly once 33 occur exactly twice Only “another” has three syllables 14 have two syllables 221 are monosyllabic Longest words: “something” and playthings” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cat_in_the_Hat

17. “I call them Thing Oneand Thing Two ...” A+

18. After-Sales Applications Specifying What to Fix [Version 1] ... Thing 5 Thing 3 Thing 4 Thing 6 Thing 1 Thing 2

19. After-Sales Applications Specifying What to Fix [Version 2] ... Hatch 5 Door 3 Door 4 Light 6 Wheel 1 Wheel2

20. Information Management Fundamentals With Applications to After-Sales • Principle 1: Existence • No Thing • Some Thing • Some Things • Principle 2: Identity • Principle 3: Versioning

21. Contents • Information Management Principles • Fundamental Things • Intermediate / Advanced Concepts • Knowledge Graphs and Component-based Modeling • SysML and Composable Objects (COBs) • Patterns for Simulation Templates With Applications to After-Sales

22. Example Collective Systems ModelA composition of std. & custom information models Adapted from 2001-12-16 - Jim U’Ren, NASA-JPL

23. Model-Centric Framework Produce, Merge, Enrich, Consume http://eislab.gatech.edu/pubs/journals/2004-jcise-peak/ Tool A1 Tool An ... Producer Tools • Collective Systems Model • Meta-Building Blocks: • Information models & meta-models • International standards • Industry specs • Corporate standards • Local customizations • Modeling technologies: • Express, UML, SysML, COBs, OWL, XML, … Enricher Tools Tool Bj Consumer Tools Tool Ck

24. Analyzable Product Models (APMs)[Tamburini, 1999; http://eislab.gatech.edu/research/dai/] Provide advanced access to design info needed by diverse analyses. Design Applications Analysis Applications Add reusable multi-fidelity idealizations Combine information Solid Modeler FEA-Based Analysis ... Materials Database Formula- Based Analysis Fasteners Database Analyzable Product Model (APM) Support multi-directionality

25. ECAD Tool Model Integrators Design Information STEP AP210, STEP AP2xx, Internal Schemas,etc. Zuken Visula Standards-based Repository Other CAD/E/X Tools CADIF LKSoft CADIF-AP210 Other Design Tools Component Pkg. Modeler Augmented Design/Mfg. Model Model Transformer Mfg. Tools Mfg. Information GIT RDD Model Creator Process Planner Design/Mfg. Model Mgt. Simulation/Analysis Library Mgt. Simulation/Analysis Model Execution & Mgt. Rules Definition Tool Rules Execution Tool DFX Results Reviewer RCI DFX Guidelines RCI DFX Rules Library DFX Analysis Results Feedback for Design Readiness / Changes Boeing RDF Boeing REF UIUC Browser Design-for-X (DFX) Analysis Systemhttp://eislab.gatech.edu/projects/rci-sfm/ X = manufacturing, test, ... RCI - Rockwell Collins Inc. GIT - Georgia Tech UIUC - U. Illinois

26. Model-Centric Framework with Rodon/UpTime

27. Information Capture Gaps Content Coverage and Content Semantics Tool A1 Tool An ... Legend Content Coverage Gaps “dumb” information capture a. Computer-insensible (just human-sensible presentation) and/or b. Missing highest-level intent Collective Systems Model Content Semantic Gaps Example computer-insensible “dumb” figures

28. Circuit Board Design Enrichment http://eislab.gatech.edu/projects/nist-warpage/ 2. XaiTools stackup model (via AP210) 1. ECAD model 2.a - as-imported (content gaps) 2.b - after specifying stackup design

29. Typical Semantic Gaps in MS Word Models See http://eislab.gatech.edu/pubs/seminars-etc/2002-04-shinshu-peak/ WYSIWYG: What You See Is What You Get ... WYSINWYG: What You See Is (Often) Not What You Get

30. Sample Model-Centric Frameworkhttp://eislab.gatech.edu/projects/nist-warpage/ Producer Tools Electrical CAD Tools Mechanical CAD Tools Systems Engineering Tools Eagle NX Doors MentorGraphics CATIA Slate … AP210 AP203, AP214 AP233, SysML Standards-based Submodels Collective Systems Model AP210 AP210+ Enricher Tools (Gap-Fillers) XaiToolsPWA-B XaiToolsPWA-B XaiToolsXE Consumer Tools Stackup Tool Warpage Simulation Tool

31. Information Management:Intermediate/Advanced Concepts • Model-Centric Frameworks • Typical Patterns • Collective system model • Produce, merge, enrich, consume • Typical Issues/Gaps • Content coverage gaps • Content semantic gaps • Associativity gaps

32. G1 : b = cavity3.inner_width + rib8.thickness/2 + rib9.thickness/2 ... No explicit fine-grained CAD-CAE associativity G Idealizations “It is no secret that CAD models are driving more of today’s product development processes ... With the growing number of design tools on the market, however, the interoperability gap with downstream applications, such as finite element analysis, is a very real problem. As a result, CAD models are being recreated at unprecedented levels.” Ansys/ITI press Release, July 6 1999 http://www.ansys.com/webdocs/VisitAnsys/CorpInfo/PR/pr-060799.html = K f ( r , b , h ) 3 1 P P = f C = f be 1 2 ht se p 2 r t e 0 e Sample Associativity Gaps Detailed Design Model Analysis Model (with Idealized Features) Channel Fitting Analysis

33. Initial Cost Estimate per Complex Product(only for manual maintenance costs of structural analysis problems) ~1 Million Associativity Gapshttp://eislab.gatech.edu/pubs/conferences/2003-asme-detc-peak/ • Categories of Gap Costs • Associativity time & labor • - Manual maintenance • - Little re-use • - Lost knowledge • Inconsistencies • Limited analysis usage • - Fewer parts analyzed • - Fewer iterations per part • “Wrong” values • - Too conservative: Extra part costs and performance inefficiencies • - Too loose: Re-work, failures, law suits

34. Contents • Information Management Principles • Fundamental Things • Intermediate / Advanced Concepts • Knowledge Graphs and Component-based Modeling • SysML and Composable Objects (COBs) • Patterns for Simulation Templates With Applications to After-Sales

35. Enhancing Education Using Graph-based Knowledge Representations Initial results with high school physics class: Students using knowledge graphs did 70% better “I believe this will be helpful to others because I have been doing the same thing in my head to organize and understand the equations and to help me solve problems successfully.” [~Student Comment~] Source: FS Cowan, M Usselman, D Llewellyn, A Gravitt (2003) Utilizing Constraint Graphs in High School Physics. Proc. ASEE Annual Conf. & Expo. http://www.cetl.gatech.edu/services/step/constraint.pdf

36. Coarse-grained PDM R R Manufacturing Designers CAD2 R R R R CAD1 R R R R R Not Interoperable R R Suppliers Analysts Not Computer- interpretable FEM R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R ProcessPlanning Implicit Product Development Knowledge Graph Typical Current Issues R Source: Chris Paredis, 2004

37. Next-Gen. PSLM Framework with Fine-Grain Knowledge Graphs

38. Flexible High Diversity Design-Analysis Integration Phases 1-3 Airframe Examples:“Bike Frame” / Flap Support Inboard Beam Design Tools Modular, Reusable Template Libraries Simulation Templates (CBAMs) of Diverse Feature:Mode, & Fidelity MCAD Tools CATIA v4, v5 XaiTools Analysis Tools 1.5D General Math Mathematica In-HouseCodes Lug:Axial/Oblique; Ultimate/Shear Image API (CATGEO); VBScript Analyzable Product Model XaiTools 1.5D Fitting:Bending/Shear Materials DB FEA Elfini* MATDB-like 3D Assembly: Ultimate/FailSafe/Fatigue* Fasteners DB FASTDB-like * = Item not yet available in toolkit (all others have working examples) http://eislab.gatech.edu/projects/boeing-psi/

39. Lug Template Applied to an Airframe Analysis ProblemComposable Object (COB)-based constraint schematic - instance view CAD-CAE Associativity (idealization usage) Geometry Material Models Solution Tool Interaction Boundary Condition Objects (links to other analyses) Model-based Documentation Requirements Legend: Annotations highlight model knowledge capture capabilities. Other notation is COB constraint schematics notation. CBAM Classical COB Notation [Peak, 1993; Tamburini, 1999; Wilson, 2000]

40. Fitting Analysis Template Applied to “Bike Frame” Bulkhead COB-based CBAM constraint schematic - instance view = K f ( r , b , h ) 3 1 P P = f C = f be 1 2 ht se p 2 r t e 0 e 18 associativity relations Classical COB Notation [Peak, 1993; Tamburini, 1999; Wilson, 2000] COB = composable object

41. Simulation-Based Design Knowledge RepresentationA Conceptual Framework for Modeling & Simulationhttp://eislab.gatech.edu/research/dai/ Product- Specific Product- Independent Multi-Representation Architecture (MRA) Idealization & Associativity Relations Other Model Abstractions (Patterns) Analysis Models Design Models

42. http://eislab.gatech.edu/pubs/conferences/2003-asme-detc-peak/Preliminary Characterization of CAD-CAE Interoperability ProblemEstimated quantities for all structural analyses of a complex system (airframe) Idealization & Associativity Relations Other Model Abstractions (Patterns) Analysis Models Design Models O(10K) template types and O(100K) template instances O(10K) relevant parts O(100) building blocks O(100) tools

43. Preliminary Characterization of CAD-CAE Interoperability ProblemEstimated quantities for all structural analyses of a complex system (airframe) - cont. CAD-CAE associativity relations are represented as APM-ABB relations, APMFABB , inside CBAMs associativity gap = computer-insensible relation  ~1M gaps O(100K) template instances containing O(1M) associativity relations

44. What is SysML? “The OMG Systems Modeling Language is a visual modeling language for systems engineering applications. SysML supports the specification, analysis, design, verification, and validation of a broad range of systems and systems-of-systems. These systems may include hardware, software, information, processes, personnel, and facilities.” Primary website http://www.omgsysml.org/ SysML focus at Georgia Tech http://www.pslm.gatech.edu/topics/sysml/

45. SpringSystemExample SysML Diagrams INCOSE Symposium 2007 papers - http://www.pslm.gatech.edu/topics/sysml/

46. The Generations of Modeling Paradigms • 3rd Generation: Component-Based Model energy One model – Multiple scenarios Failures – Multiple combinations of structural changes

47. INCOSE Symposium 2007 papers - http://www.pslm.gatech.edu/topics/sysml/ Design-Simulation Knowledge GraphFlap Linkage Model—A Benchmark Design-Analysis Example

48. Flap Linkage Design ModelSysML Block Definition Diagram (bdd) - basic view v. 2007-04-19

49. Flap Linkage Design ModelSysML Parametric Diagram (par)

50. INCOSE Symposium 2007 papers - http://www.pslm.gatech.edu/topics/sysml/ Design-Simulation Knowledge GraphFlap Linkage Model—A Benchmark Design-Analysis Example