Top Enablers and Inhibitors of Affordable Systems

1. Top Enablers and Inhibitors of Affordable Systems Supannika Koolmanojwong, Jo Ann Lane, RachchabhornWongsaroj,ThammanoonKawinfruangfukul, and Barry Boehm COCOMO Forum October 22, 2013

2. Overview • Affordability Tradespace • Affordability Opportunity Tree • Cost Model Parameters Reflect TradespaceDecisions • Enablers and Inhibitors of the Affordable systems

3. Affordability • “The balance of system performance, cost, and schedule constraints over the system life cycle, while satisfying mission needs in concert with strategic and organizational needs.” • Affordable system is achievable via faster engineering and less rework. INCOSESystems Engineering Handbook, version 3.2.2. NDIA 8th Annual Disruptive Technologies Conference

4. Expedited System Development • Capability development schedule from concept to delivery • Market window opportunity • Need to balance • shortcuts, one-time solution, maintainability Faster, Faster, & FASTER! We have time !!

5. System Flexibility • Design for reuse • Easily evolve in the future to meet future (unknown) needs • Interoperate with future systems • Need to balance • Performance issues, total ownership costs One-time solution Everything for everyone

6. Technical Debt • Extra works to fix under par jobs • Intentional or unintentional debts • Need to balance • Get it done now, Refactor later, evolutionary plan Untidy, poor structured Easy to maintain

7. Affordability Tradespace Tradespace: Capability Schedule Flexibility Technical Debt Capability Capability Schedule Schedule Flexibility Flexibility Technical Debt Tech Debt Desired balance: Typical results:

8. Example Framework: Affordability Opportunity Tree Staffing, Incentivizing, Teambuilding Get the Best from People (Expedite, Minimize Tech Debt) Facilities, Support Services Kaizen (continuous improvement) Tools and Automation Make Tasks More Efficient (Expedite) Work and Oversight Streamlining Collaboration Technology Lean and Agile Methods Eliminate Tasks (Expedite) Affordability Improvements and Tradeoffs Task Automation Model-Based Product Generation Early Risk and Defect Elimination Eliminate Scrap, Rework (Expedite, Minimize Tech Debt) Evidence-Based Decision Gates Modularity Around Sources of Change Incremental, Evolutionary Development Value-Based, Agile Process Maturity Risk-Based Prototyping   

9. Example Framework: Affordability Opportunity Tree    Affordability Improvements and Tradeoffs Risk-Based Prototyping Simplify Products (KISS) (Expedite) Value-Based Capability Prioritization Satisficing vs. Optimizing Performance Reuse Components (Expedite) Domain Engineering and Architecture Composable Components,Services, COTS Legacy System Repurposing Reduce Operations, Support Costs (Minimize Tech Debt) Automate Operations Elements Design for Maintainability, Evolvability Streamline Supply Chain Value- and Architecture-Based Tradeoffs and Balancing (Longer-term investment, min Tech Debt) Anticipate, Prepare for Change

10. Affordability Analysis with Cost Models

11. Cost Model Parameters Reflect Tradespace Decisions - Systems Engineering

12. Cost Model Parameters Reflect Tradespace Decisions – Software Engineering

13. Pilot Study: Data Collection • Software Engineering-related Classes • 60 graduate students • ~ 20%: full-time employee with 2-20 years experience • ~80%: Newly graduates, 0-5 years experience • 59 undergraduate students • 0-3 years experience (internship, co-op) • Information sources • Lectures, papers, class workshops • List enablers and inhibitors for • Technical Debt, Expedited Sys Development, Flexibility

14. Top Enablers

15. Top Enablers

16. Top Enablers

17. Common Enablers • Rapid Prototyping Expedited Sys Dev Technical Debt • Agile / Lean Approaches • Incremental test and Feedback • Skilled team members System Flexibility • Reuse, Use of NDI / COTS • Incremental test and Feedback • Requirements Flexibility • Incremental test and Feedback

18. Top Inhibitors

19. Top Inhibitors

20. Top Inhibitors

21. Common Inhibitors Expedited Sys Dev Technical Debt • Inexperience Team Members • Unrealistic expectations System Flexibility • Technology Immaturity / Volatility • Requirements Volatility • Lack of / Poor documentation

22. Two sides of the same coin • Reuse, Use of NDI / COTS • Enable and inhibit at the same time for all three aspects • Lack of documentation • Enable the Expedition, but inhibit the TD management and flexibility • Agile/Lean Approach • Enable the Expedition, but inhibit the TD management and flexibility

23. Conclusions • High similarity of the affordability enablers from Opportunity tree, cost model, and class workshop • Get the best people • Incremental development • Top inhibitors • Inexperienced people • Unrealistic expectation • Wildcard • Reuse, use of COTS/ NDI • Agile/Lean • Lack of documentation

24. References • INCOSE, Systems Engineering Handbook, version 3.2.2. San Diego, CA, USA: International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE). INCOSE-TP-2003-002-03.2, December 2011. • Robert Neches, Engineered Resilient Systems (ERS) S&T Priority Description and Roadmap, NDIA 8th Annual Disruptive Technologies Conference , 8 November 2011