Chapter 3

1. Chapter 3 China in Antiquity

2. Origins and Myths • Three Sovereigns • Xia • Early Chinese Civilization • Shang Dynasty • Origins • Political • Economic • Religious • Social Structure • Zhou Dynasty • Political and Social Structure • Rites of Zhou • Culture and Society • Economic • Religious

3. Spring and Autumn, Warring States • Sub periods • Warring States • Emperor Zhou • The Wall • Hundred Schools of Ancient Philosophy • Confucianism • Legalism • Daoism • Rise of the Qin and Han Dynasty • Qin • Han

4. Daily Life and Culture in Ancient China • - Confucianism • Society and Economy in the Han Empire • Peasants • Trade and manufacturing • Technology • Sculpture, Metals, Music, Literature • Family • Humble Estate: Women • Decline and Fall of the Han • Wang Mang • Cao Cao

5. Myths and Origins • Three Sovereigns • Fu Xi (Fu Hsi) • Shen Nong (Shen Nung) • Huang Di (Huang Ti)

6. b) Xia (Hsia)

7. Origins of Chinese civilization predates the Xia • 4000 years ago. • Irrigation • Chariots – around mid 2000 BC • Myth, oral history, no archaeological evidence • 1959 - Excavations at the city of Yanshi, Lungshan • agrarian people • bronze weapons and pottery • rulers often acted as shamans, communicating with spirits for help and guidance.

8. Early Chinese Civilization • several hundred thousand years. • Yellow River • Yangshao • Longshan • The Yellow and the Yangtze rivers is where Chinese civilization is thought to have begun. • 12 percent of the total land is arable

9. pastoralists • Geographical barriers • Isolation

10. Dawn of Chinese Civilization: Shang Dynasty (1580 -1050 B.C.)

11. Origins: • Perhaps Indo-European • Political: • Centralized monarchy • Bureaucracy • Ruled by aristocratic class • Territories governed by aristocratic bureaucracy • War – important component, using chariots. • Economic:

12. Religious • Sacrifice • Supernatural beliefs • Universe divided into two primary forces • Belief in a hear after • Ancestor worship • Social Structures • Farm unit – basic social unit • Clans = village • Village = many farm units • Communal structure and the importance of • DURING SHANG dynasty, the structure was well established – villages organized around clans

13. The Zhou Dynasty (1045-221 B.C.E.) • Political and Social Structures • Rites of Zhou • idea of the Mandate of Heaven. • Mandate of Heaven had been removed - if they were overthrown. • Dao, The Way • Right of Revolution

14. Culture and Society • Zhou adopted much of the Shang lifestyle • bronze vessels • adopted much of the Shang writing system • rituals and administration techniques. • Zhou began a different form of governing, which was basically feudal.

15. Economy • “Well field system” • Communal land organization • Trade and manufacturing • Silk • Agricultural advances • Land fallow • wet rice • Population growth • Money economy

16. Religion: • banned human sacrifice. • practiced the cult of Heaven.

17. Spring and Autumn / Warring States • Zhou Dynasty is divided into subperiods. • Zhou emperor steadily lost power • Last stage of the Northern Song (1100-1127) was the darkest and most corrupt period of the entire dynasty. • Warring States is considered the classical age • great philosophers • One Hundred Schools Period • Confucianism • Taoism • Legalism • poetry and prose • writing down of the laws • development of iron, and tools made of iron, greatly increased agriculture and thus population exploded. • Last emperor of the zhou apparently forgot this. • If a king ruled well, natural disasters would befall the people and the people could theoretically overthrow the emperor to serve heavens purpose.

18. GREAT WALL:

19. Hundred Schools of Ancient Philosophy • Shang Di – Shang god presiding over forces of nature • Tian (T’ien) or Heaven • Yang (sun) and Yin (moon) • Yi Jing (I Ching), Book of Changes • Confucianism • Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) • Dao (The Way) • Analects • Mencius (370-29 B.C.E.)

20. Legalism • Daoism • Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) • Dao De Jing (The Way of the Tao) • Popular Daoism

21. Rise of the Chinese Empire: Qin and Han • Period of Warring States, 403-221 B.C.E. • Qin Dynasty (221-206 B.C.E.) • Qin Shi Huangdi (221-206 B.C.E.) • Legalism • Centralized state • Military expansion

22. The Glorious Han Dynasty (202 B.C.E.-221 C.E.) • Fall of the Qin • Liu Bang (Liu Pang) - AKA Emperor Gao or Han Gaozu (Han Kao Tsu) • The Han period produced China's most famous historian, Sima Qian (145-87 B.C.?), whose Shiji (Historical Records) provides a detailed chronicle from the time of a legendary Xia emperor to that of the Han emperor Wu Di (141-87 B.C.). • Technological advances also marked this period. • ethnic majority in China - "people of Han" • Silk Road • Chinese armies invaded and annexed parts of northern Vietnam and northern Korea • "tributary system" - Non-Chinese states were allowed to remain autonomous in exchange for symbolic acceptance of Han overlordship. • Several great Chinese inventions, paper and porcelain, the rudder and fore-aft rigging all date from Han times.

23. Daily Life in Ancient China • Confucianism and the State • CONFUCIUS and who gets to be in govt / and on what basis? • Society and Economy in the Han Empire • Peasants • Taxes • Farm plots • Sold • Housing • Diets • Urban or rural • Chang’an • Trade and manufacturing • Silk Road • Guangzhou (Canton) • Technology • textile manufacturing, water mills, and iron casting

24. Metalwork and sculpture • Bronze • Lacquerware and ceramics • Language and Literature • Writing • Literary Chinese • Music • Flutes, stringed instruments, bells and chimes, drums and gourds

25. Family • Filial piety • Five relationships • Qin attempt to reduce importance of family

26. The Humble Estate: Women in Ancient China • Subservience • Confucian thought accepted dual roles of men and women • Some women were a force at court

27. Decline and Fall of the Han • Wang Mang, 9-23 C.E. • Cao Cao (Ts’ao Ts’ao)