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MUTATIONS

MUTATIONS. Mutations. Things can go wrong with DNA. Individual bases or groups of bases can be changed, lost, duplicated, or rearranged. Such events are called mutations, and the resulting individuals are called mutants.

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MUTATIONS

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  1. MUTATIONS

  2. Mutations • Things can go wrong with DNA. Individual bases or groups of bases can be changed, lost, duplicated, or rearranged. Such events are called mutations, and the resulting individuals are called mutants. • The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been used extensively in genetics research, and different mutations have been identified for a great many of its traits. A representative pair of fruit flies is shown here. Both flies are of the wild type for all traits. Note the color of the eyes and body, and the shape of the wings. A few examples of mutations for these traits include: white eyes, black body, and vestigial wings. • Of course, mutations occur in other organisms as well, including human beings.

  3. FLIES WITHOUT MUTATIONS • These two flies are both of the wild type for all traits. This means that they have all of the so-called "normal" alleles found in a natural population, and do not have any mutant genes.

  4. FLIES WITH MUTATIONS • In fruit flies, red eyes are considered to be the wild type; that is, the allele for red eyes occurs most frequently in the population and is considered to be the "normal" trait. The white-eyed trait arose through a mutation in a gene that codes for eye color in fruit flies. The fly on the left is of the wild-type for all traits. The fly on the right is a mutant. The w allele codes for white eyes.

  5. FLIES WITH MUTATIONS • On the left is a picture of a fruit fly with the black body trait. This trait arose through a mutation in a gene that codes for body color. The b allele codes for the black body trait. The wild-type body is shown on the right.

  6. FLIES WITH MUTATIONS • On the left is a picture of a fruit fly with very small wings. This trait arose through a mutation in the vestigial gene, which codes for wing type. The fly on the left carries two copies of the mutant form of this gene. The fly shown on the right is the wild type. It carries two normal copies of this gene.

  7. A FRUIT FLY GENETIC CODE • This is a table showing a part of the genetic code for a fruit fly.

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