U. Michigan-U. Algiers Faculty Exchange Report on April 2005 Visit & Ongoing Research Tom O’Donnell CMENAS end-of-

1. U. Michigan-U. Algiers Faculty ExchangeReport on April 2005 Visit & Ongoing ResearchTom O’DonnellCMENAS end-of-term celebration April 2007 • Sponsorship • “The professors” • Memorial for M. Bennoune • Lectures at U. Algiers • Impressions: • attitudes to civil war • condition of women • economic development • democracy & press • hydrocarbon sector • languages & multi-cultural society • Results • Research • future work • Pictures & music 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

2. Sponsorship • ‘The professors’ • Memorial for M. Bennoune • Lectures at U. Algiers • Impressions: • attitudes to civil war • condition of women • economic development • democracy & press • hydrocarbon sector • languages & multi-cultural society • Results • Research • future work • Pictures & music M. Habidi, T. O’D., A. Bedida, A. Tablit - At the site of initial French invasion - 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

3. Sponsorship • ‘The professors’ • Memorial for M. Bennoune • Lectures at U. Algiers • Impressions: • attitudes to civil war • condition of women • economic development • democracy & press • hydrocarbon sector • languages & multi-cultural society • Results • Research • future work • Pictures & music A. Raad, A. Bedida, T.O’D., Lal Ali Lecture Hall, Faculty of Islamic Studies 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

4. Sponsorship • “The professors” • Memorial for M. Bennoune • Lectures at U. Algiers • Impressions: • attitudes to civil war • condition of women • economic development • democracy & press • hydrocarbon sector • languages & multi-cultural society • Results • Research • future work • Pictures & music Three lectures at Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences Held in Faculty of Islamic Sciences 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

5. The globalized oil system and the new U.S. policy Thomas W. O’Donnell The University of Michigan Science, Technology and Society Program, Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics Residential College Social Science Program twod@umich.edu, http://www.umich.edu/~twod/courses 5

6. Case study: The European Union’s growing addiction to automobiles and trucks & dependence on US global oil policy Thomas W. O'Donnell The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, U.S.A. 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

7. Historical overview The Information Age: A 3rd revolution in capitalist production as basis of “globalization” and “post-modern” society Thomas W. O’Donnell The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, U.S.A. Science, Technology and Society Program, Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics Residential College Social Science Program Center for Middle East and North African Studies

8. Memorial Symposium for Prof. Mahfoud BENNOUNE2 May 2005 • Sponsorship • “The professors” • Memorial for M. Bennoune • Lectures at U. Algiers • Impressions: • attitudes to civil war • condition of women • economic development • democracy & press • hydrocarbon sector • languages & multi-cultural society • Results • Research • future work • Pictures & music 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

9. Sponsorship • “The professors” • Memorial for M. Bennoune • Lectures at U. Algiers • Impressions: • attitudes to civil war • condition of women • economic development • democracy & press • hydrocarbon sector • languages & multi-cultural society • Results • Research • future work • Pictures & music Academics, Media, FLN, Military cadets, Former ministers, …… 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

10. Memorial Symposium for Prof. Mahfoud BENNOUNE2 May 2005 • Sponsorship • “The professors” • Memorial for M. Bennoune • Lectures at U. Algiers • Impressions: • attitudes to civil war • condition of women • economic development • democracy & press • hydrocarbon sector • languages & multi-cultural society • Results • Research • future work • Pictures & music Family:- Cousins Karima & Dorothy 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

11. Sponsorship • “The professors” • Memorial for M. Bennoune • Lectures at U. Algiers • Impressions: • attitudes to civil war • condition of women • economic development • democracy & press • hydrocarbon sector • languages & multi-cultural society • Pictures & music • Results • Research • future work • Pictures & music • Constant topic of discussion; myriad interpretations • New law; many woman discussed; but content not announced yet • How to spend surplus (from oil price) debated; desire for opinions • Free; but not free … trepidation of unrest after civil war • New law April 2005; but content was not yet announced (see below) • Opinions on use of French & of English; relationship of Arabic vs. Berber 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

12. Sponsorship • “The professors” • Memorial for M. Bennoune • Lectures at U. Algiers • Impressions: • attitudes to civil war • condition of women • economic development • democracy & press • hydrocarbon sector • languages & multi-cultural society • Pictures & music • Results • Research • future work • Pictures & music • OUTCOMES of my visit: • Many talks/articles on either Algeria or, esp. oil order generally • Use material in courses on “Global Oil and Middle East”, … • Awarded Fulbright Scholar Award • To study Venezuelan vs. Algerian models in • hydrocarbon sector • (‘new nationalism’ vs. liberalization) • International Society: IAEE / USAEE; esp. discussions of • U.S.-Iran policy -- nuclear trumped by oil • Venezuela vs. Algeria contrast • internal oil policies; external relations • U.S. vs. E.U. energy policies & geo-strategy • Environmental carbon-capture projects • Algerian natural gas-CO2 separation & sequestration 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

13. General Theory of Globalized Oil Order • Algerian visit relation to my general research • Goal: • A consistent theory from political-economic basis • … to international affairs (geo-strategy) & domestic policies • - Major issues: • ~ Economic control (governance) of oil order: • How changed with each period of capitalist development • Late-Colonial & Post-War (concessions) • OPEC Revolution (transitional, N-S antagonism) • Globalized (rise of collusion / incorporation / liberalization) • Driven by competition  produces market volatility, when: • Superabundance of oil resources • New competitors can entry • ~ META system of political hegemony • Requires, is consistent with, economic control of oil sector • Globalized era: U.S. MENA hegemony not end-in-itself • ~ Analysis of specific relations / crises (esp. w/ U.S.): • Iran, Iraq, Venezuela, S. Arabia, … • Internal liberalization vs. ‘new nationalism’ • Compare: Algeria, Venezuela, Kuwait, … • Sponsorship • “The professors” • Memorial for M. Bennoune • Lectures at U. Algiers • Impressions: • attitudes to civil war • condition of women • economic development • democracy & press • hydrocarbon sector • languages & multi-cultural society • Pictures & music • Results • Research • future work • Pictures & music 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

14. Oil will remain world’s #1 source of energy Algerian hydrocarbon sector • Sponsorship • “The professors” • Memorial for M. Bennoune • Lectures at U. Algiers • Impressions: • attitudes to civil war • condition of women • economic development • democracy & press • hydrocarbon sector • languages & multi-cultural society • Pictures & music • Results • Research • future work • Pictures & music 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

15. Algerian hydrocarbon sector 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

16. Algerian hydrocarbon sector • Sponsorship • “The professors” • Memorial for M. Bennoune • Lectures at U. Algiers • Impressions: • attitudes to civil war • condition of women • economic development • democracy & press • hydrocarbon sector • languages & multi-cultural society • Pictures & music • Results • Research • future work • Pictures & music Note growth of foreign oil companies’ percentage 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

17. Algerian hydrocarbon sector • New Hydrocarbon Law (second law) • – ‘Poster-case’ of (neo-)liberalization • 1986– time of price collapse • Key: Production Sharing Agreements (PSA) • 2005– “So different may lead to an actual revolution in • petroleum industry in Algeria” (paraphrasing legal consultants) • Extreme liberalization (like PDVSA plan Chavez ended) • NOC (Sonatrach) ‘liberated’ from state • New ministerial agencies: licenses & tax/rents • IOCs no real restrictions inside country • Raises class questions (like Venezuela) • …other states? Lybia, Mexico, Kuwait, Azerbaijan, Russia, …3rd Phase • Sponsorship • “The professors” • Memorial for M. Bennoune • Lectures at U. Algiers • Impressions: • attitudes to civil war • condition of women • economic development • democracy & press • hydrocarbon sector • languages & multi-cultural society • Pictures & music • Results • Research • future work • Pictures & music 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

18. General Theory of Globalized Oil Order - Example: Bernard Mommer’s Theory(Oxford & PDVSA) • Sponsorship • “The professors” • Memorial for M. Bennoune • Lectures at U. Algiers • Impressions: • attitudes to civil war • condition of women • economic development • democracy & press • hydrocarbon sector • languages & multi-cultural society • Pictures & music • Results • Research • future work • Pictures & music 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

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20. Sponsorship • “The professors” • Memorial for M. Bennoune • Lectures at U. Algiers • Impressions: • attitudes to civil war • condition of women • economic development • democracy & press • hydrocarbon sector • languages & multi-cultural society • Results • Research • future work • Pictures & music 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

21. Following slides are taken from other talks about my Algiers visit – T.O’D. 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

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38. Le Alger depuis l’année 1945 –Une vue en bref (et très amateur)de une luttehéroïque, horrifique et continuel U. Michigan NWAEG 8 Dec 2005 Tom O’Donnell University of Michigan Universite d’Alger Mai 2005 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

39. Algier • Algiers: Old town is based around a 16th century Turkish citadel • Founded by Phoenicians • Became French colonial capital in 1830 • Population (metro): 2.1 million 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

40. Le Alger – 1945-2005 Algerian Revolution Echoes in French Violence, by Sylvia Poggioli. Audio here Weekend Edition - Sunday, December 4, 2005 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

41. 1945-1961: Popular revolution against the French settler regime 1961-1988: Post-revolution social, political and economic struggles 1988-1999: Civil War, Islamic Fundamentalism and Jihadis Post-Civil War social, political and economic struggles Topics - Historical 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

42. A chronology of key events: 1962 - Algeria gains independence from France. Some 250,000 were killed in eight-year independence war 1954: National Liberation Front launches revolt against French rule 1962: Referendum in France backs independence accord 3 July 1962: Algeria becomes independent 1963 - Ahmed Ben Bella elected as first president. 1965 - Col Houari Boumedienne overthrows Ben Bella, pledges to end corruption. 1976 - Boumedienne introduces a new constitution which confirms commitment to socialism and role of the National Liberation Front (FLN) as the sole political party. Islam is recognised as state religion 1976 December - Boumedienne is elected president and is instrumental in launching a programme of rapid industrialisation. 1978 - Boumedienne dies and is replaced by Col Chadli Bendjedid, as the compromise candidate of the military establishment. 1986 - Rising inflation and unemployment, exacerbated by the collapse of oil and gas prices lead to a wave of strikes and violent demonstrations. History 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

43. Ban on parties lifted 1988 - Serious rioting against economic conditions. Ahmed Ben Bella: overthrown after two years in office 1954: Led newly-formed National Liberation Front 1957-62: Interned in France 1962-3: Became Algeria's first premier, then president 1965: Ousted in military coup; detained until 1979 1989 - The National People's Assembly revokes the ban on new political parties and adopts a new electoral law allowing opposition parties to contest future elections. 1989 - Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) founded and over 20 new parties licensed. 1990 - The FIS wins 55 per cent of the vote in local elections. 1991 - Government announces parliamentary elections in June 1991 and plans changes to electoral system including restrictions on campaigning in mosques. FIS reacts by calling general strike. State of siege declared, elections postponed. FIS leaders Abassi Madani and Ali Belhadj arrested and jailed. 1991 December - In the first round of general elections the FIS wins 188 seats outright, and seems virtually certain to obtain an absolute majority in the second round. History 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

44. Military takes over 1992 4 January - The National People's Assembly is dissolved by presidential decree and on 11 January President Chadli, apparently under pressure from the military leadership, resigns. A five-member Higher State Council, chaired by Mohamed Boudiaf, takes over. Street gatherings banned, violent clashes break out on 8 and 9 February between FIS supporters and security forces. A state of emergency is declared, the FIS is ordered to disband and all 411 FIS-controlled local and regional authorities are dissolved. Boudiaf assassinated 1992 29 June - Boudiaf assassinated by a member of his bodyguard with alleged Islamist links. Violence increases and the Armed Islamic Group (GIA) emerges as the main group behind these operations. 1994 - Liamine Zeroual, a retired army colonel, is appointed chairman of the Higher State Council. 1995 - Zeroual wins a five-year term as president of the republic with a comfortable majority. 1996 - Proposed constitutional changes approved in a referendum by over 85 per cent of voters. 1997 - Parliamentary elections won by the newly-created Democratic National Rally, followed by the moderate Islamic party, Movement of Society for Peace. * Reference: BBC NEWS: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/811140.stm Published: 2005/09/29 13:51:19 GMT BBC MMV History* 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

45. Militants ignore concord 1998 - President Zeroual announces his intention to cut short his term and hold early presidential elections. 1999 - Former foreign minister Abdelaziz Bouteflika elected as president after all opposition candidates withdraw from race, saying they had received inadequate guarantees of fair and transparent elections. "Dirty war" was sparked by dissolution of assembly in 1992. Rights groups say up to 150,000 people were killed Official report says security forces responsible for 6,000 civilian disappearances 1999 - Referendum approves Bouteflika's law on civil concord, the result of long and largely secret negotiations with the armed wing of the FIS, the Islamic Salvation Army (AIS). Thousands of members of the AIS and other armed groups are pardoned. 2000 - Attacks on civilians and security forces continue, and are thought to be the work of small groups still opposed to the civil concord. Violence is estimated to have claimed over 100,000 lives in Algeria since 1992. 2001 April/May - Scores of demonstrators are killed in violent clashes between security forces and Berber protestors in the mainly Berber region of Kabylie following the death of a teenager in police custody. 2001 May - The mainly Berber party, the Rally for Culture and Democracy, withdraws from the government in protest against the authorities' handling of riots in Kabylie. History 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

46. Berber concessions 2001 October - Government agrees to give the Berber language official status, as part of a package of concessions. 2001 November - Several hundred people are killed as the worst floods in living memory hit Algiers. 2002 March - President Bouteflika announces that the Berber language, Tamazight, is to be recognised as a national language. History 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu

47. Berber demands for greater rights have sparked unrest 2002 June - Prime Minister Ali Benflis's National Liberation Front (FLN) wins general elections marred by violence and a low turnout. They are boycotted as a sham by four parties - two of which represent Berbers. 2003 21 May - More than 2,000 people are killed and thousands are injured by a powerful earthquake in the north. The worst-hit areas are east of Algiers. 2003 June - Leader of the outlawed Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) Abassi Madani and his deputy Ali Belhadj are freed after serving 12-year sentences. 2004 April - President Bouteflika is re-elected to a second term following a landslide poll victory.. 2005 January - Authorities announce the arrest of rebel Armed Islamic Group (GIA) head Nourredine Boudiafi and the killing of his deputy and declare the group to be virtually dismantled. Government makes deal with Berber leaders, promising more investment in Kabylie region and greater recognition for Tamazight language. 2005 March - Government-commissioned report says security forces were responsible for the disappearances of more than 6,000 citizens during the 1990s civil conflict. 2005 September - Reconciliation referendum: Voters back government plans to grant an amnesty to many of those involved in post-1992 killings History 18 April 2007 | twod@umich.edu