1 / 25

Iranian languages ; South Asia

Iranian languages ; South Asia. Indo-European languages of the area. Aryan Nuristani Kati Indo-Iranian Dardic Kashmiri … Iranian Persian ( Farsi, Dari, Tajiki ), Kurdish languages , Balochi , Pashto … Indo-Aryan. Iranian languages. Iranian languages. Wikipedia.org. South Asia.

awillard
Download Presentation

Iranian languages ; South Asia

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Iranian languages;South Asia

  2. Indo-European languages of the area • Aryan • Nuristani • Kati • Indo-Iranian • Dardic • Kashmiri… • Iranian • Persian (Farsi, Dari, Tajiki), Kurdish languages, Balochi, Pashto… • Indo-Aryan

  3. Iranian languages

  4. Iranian languages Wikipedia.org

  5. South Asia Карта: Matthew Dryer

  6. South Asia as a linguistic area • Dravidian • Indo-European • Indo-Aryan • Iranian (areal periphery) • Dardic • Nuristani • Sino-Tibetan (areal periphery) • Austroasiatic (areal periphery): Munda • Burushaski

  7. Languages of India • 1991 Census of India: • 114 languages < 1,576 mother tongues (with more than 10,000 speakers) + 1,796 “unclassified”mother tongues • The largest languages: • Hindustani: Hindi (> 260 mln), Urdu (> 63mln.) • Bangla (> 193 mln.), Gujarati (> 46 mln.), • Dravidian: Telugu (> 74 mln.), Tamil (>68 mln.) , Kannada(> 37 mln.), Malayalam (> 33 mln.)

  8. South Asia as a linguistic area • Colin Masica: • Retroflex consonants • Postpositions, OV, Adj N • Ideophones, echo-reduplication • “Dative subjects” Hindi (Bhatt 2003) • Quotatives: specific complementizers introducing direct speech (< forms of the verb ‘say’)

  9. History: Iranian languages • Old Iranian • Avestan beginning of the 1 millenium BCE • Old Persian 6-4c BCE … • Middle Iranian 4c BC – 1 millenium AD • Middle Persian (Pahlavi), Sogdian, Parthian, … • New Iranian • …

  10. History: Indo-Aryan languages • Old Indo-Aryan • Vedic Sanskrit mid 2nd millennium – 3-2c BCE • Classical Sanskrit mid 1st millennium BCE, Panini • Indian epic poetry 3-2c BCE: Ramayana, Mahabharata • Middle Indo-Aryan • Prakrits, Pali, Apabhraṃśa (mainly the 1st millennium AD) • New Indo-Aryan

  11. sanskritweb.net

  12. General tendencies • From synthetic languages to analytic languages (postpositions, etc) • From fusion to agglutination • FromVO toOV • From accusative alignment to split accusative/ergative alignment • Originally dependent marking, later pronominal clitics akin to head marking

  13. General tendencies These tendencies are not found everywhere, though. • Dravidian lgs are more or less synthetic • In India more analytic languages are located in the eastern part • Kashmiri: the usual order is SVO

  14. Complex predicates / compound verbs • Predicates normally consist of two (or more parts). • Persian(Karimi 2008) Persian only has about 130 simplex verbs. (Cf. the same picture in East Caucasian.) • Urdu (Butt 2005)

  15. Complex predicates • “Lexical verb” + Light verb(which contains the grammatical information). • Monoclausality: Complex predicates do not constitute several clauses. • Probably “complex predicates” is an umbrella term for a number of more or less different phenomena.

  16. Case systems • In many modern Indo-Iranian languages, case systems are considerably reduced (up to 2-3 cases). • The borderline between cases and postpositions is not always obvious. Hindi: Basic cases Nom & Obl vs “Secondary” cases/postpositions (Erg, Gen, Dat/Acc, Abl/Instr etc.) Dravidian languages: Many markers treated as locative cases in some descriptions are thought to be postpositions in other descriptions.

  17. Partial ergativity • In many Iranian, Indo-Aryan and Dardic languages, one observes ergative alignment in past tense (or in (some) past tenses).(Haig 2008: 12)

  18. Частичная эргативность • 15 июня 2012 г. Приступили к эргативу. Это, доложу я вам, волшебная вещь в хинди, одна из тех, что глубоко трогают русскую душу и что-то проясняют про душу хиндийскую. (…) Так вот меня тронуло этакая скромная позиция субъекта. Не субъект что-то сделал, увидел, сказал, а это с ним произошло, объект как-то ему позволил с собой вступить в контакт. Что-то такое про принятие судьбы, что ли, принятие жизни как чего-то происходящего с тобой, а не просто сделанного тобой.У А.Ф.Лосева есть статья про эргатив, но в жару лень читать сложное, потом как-нибудь. hitrovka-studio.ru «Как я изучала хинди»

  19. Partial ergativity In fact, in Hindi in past tense (de Hoop & Narasumhan 2008)… • ergative marker is found on the most volitional agents • ergative clitic marks volitionality even with some intransitive verbs:

  20. … on a par withDOM In many Indo-Aryan and Iranian languages the specific/referential patient takes peculiar marking. Hindi (de Hoop & Narasumhan 2008) NB: =ko is the dative postposition

  21. Iranian languages: word order Don Stilo: • Many Iranian languages violate statistical universals related to word order and differ between each other • For example, basically OV but

  22. Iranian languages: word order • Possible explanation: Iranian languages as a “buffer zone” between left-branching languages (e.g., Turkic) and right-branching languages (e.g., Arabic). • Possible remarkable consequence: circumpositions (fit into any branching tendencies). Kurdish (McCarus 2009):

  23. Iranian languages: ezafe • Primarily in Western Iranian, there is a specific marker which links the head and the attribute (adjective, possessor, sometimes relative clause) Persian (Kahnemuyipour 2006) mard-e châq‘fat man' man-Ez fat • Head marking? Or not? (Ezafe occurs immediately before the attribute, not necessarily on the head). Cp. Zaza Kurdish [láz-mьn]-opil‘my elder son’ son-EZF.POS.M1SG:OBL-EZF.ATR.Melder (Smirnova, Ejubi 1998: 35)

  24. South Asia: causatives • Some languages distinguish between direct and indirect causatives. • Hindi (Bhatt 2003): • Direct (contact) causative: • Indirect (distant) causative:

  25. South Asia: ideophones • Dravidian languages: Malayalam, Kannada, Telugu

More Related