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A 21 st Century Western Hemisphere Security/Defense Community

This article explores the challenges and opportunities facing the Western Hemisphere security and defense community in the 21st century, including imbalance of power, lack of leadership, and competing visions. It also discusses the importance of international military cooperation and the potential for a new security architecture. The article concludes by examining the virtues of constructive regionalism and the need for a strategic commitment to the Western Hemisphere.

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A 21 st Century Western Hemisphere Security/Defense Community

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  1. A 21st Century Western Hemisphere Security/Defense Community • Colonel Joseph R. Núñez, Professor, U.S. Army War College • With LTC Kelley Spellman, J-5 Staff, SOUTHCOM

  2. Western Hemisphere Idea

  3. Western Hemisphere Idea • Special Relationship Within the Americas • Our Own Separate Orbit - Amb Nabuco • Pan Americanism of the New World • Common Values, Interests & Challenges • Free, Prosperous & Fraternal Continent • Constructive Association of Nations • Hemisphere of Peace through Democracy

  4. Challenges to Cooperation • Imbalance or Asymmetry of Power • Domestic Politics – Nationalism, Populism, • Subregional Competition • Lack of Presidential Leadership & Vision • Competing Visions and Outsiders • Lack of Understanding-Respect-Concern

  5. Challenges to Cooperation: OAS • Outdated Rio Treaty – Time for Update • No Effective Security Staff • Inter-American Defense Board Detached • Plenty of Diplomacy, but Where is the Security and Defense? • Kicks Problems to UN, but Offers Little • New Definitions, but what about Haiti?

  6. Future of Security Cooperation • Can Only Grow if Leaders Have Common Interests & Values • Entails Difficult Choices about Defense, Security, Democracy, Trade, Globalization, and Development

  7. International Challenges • State Failure: Haiti • Projection of Multinational Forces on UN missions (PKO, etc.) • Stabilization Ops & Humanitarian Assist. • Gap between Words and Deeds, Promises and Actions

  8. Rising Regional Cooperation • States Find Good Reasons to Cooperate • Expand Trade • Reinforce Democratic Values • Work Together on Common Security Threats.

  9. International Military Cooperation • Canada Sent Troops to Afghanistan in 2001 • Canada Sent an even Larger Force to Afghanistan (ISAF) in 2003.

  10. International Military Cooperation • The 2nd Iraq War was Supported by El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic • Each Country Sent Forces that Joined the Spanish Brigade

  11. International Military Cooperation • Within the Americas – UN Mission in Haiti – Soldiers from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru, U.S., & Uruguay work together for peace

  12. International Military Cooperation • Haiti also represents new leadership opportunities • A Brazilian General commands the Stabilization Force • A Chilean Diplomat serves as Special Rep. of the Sec Gen

  13. Haiti and Military Cooperation • Deployment of MIF? • Deployment of MINUSTAH? • Record of MIF and MINUSTAH? • OAS & UN Actions? • How Can We Do Better in the Future?

  14. International Military Cooperation • Cyprus – UNFICYP • Argentinean force includes soldiers from Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay • Canada also has soldiers in Cyprus

  15. A New SecurityArchitecture • Time to Deal with 21st Century threats • Threats are Not National Armies • Security Cooperation – Not Integration • Preserve Sovereignty Constructively

  16. First Special Service Force – Redux • Standing Multinational Force • Canada/US/ Mexico & Brazil/Argentina/Chile: FSSF(N) and FSSF(S) • Hemispheric Security • Part of OAS Security Council • Strategic Restraint • Sovereignty Clause

  17. The Logic of Cooperation . Democracy, Trade & Security/Defense • New Security Dilemma: Internal & Transnational • New Missions for FSSF: Humanitarian Assistance, Failed States (SO), & PKO • Hard and Soft Power

  18. Security Virtues of FSSF • NOT Unilateral • Promote Respect & Understanding • Constructive Regionalism • Interoperability • Rapid Deployment • Versatility (SSCs) • UN SHIRBRIG > NRF > FSSF ?

  19. Slaying of Cooperation Myths • Preserve Sovereignty by “Ditching” • Possible to Decouple Security from Economy (FTAA) • Security “On The Cheap” Works • Moral Superiority of Non-Intervention

  20. Slaying of U.S. Cooperation Myths • U.S. Can Go it Alone • Other States in the Americas are Not Dependable Allies • The U.S. Has Enough Power to Call All of the Shots • Superpowers Don’t Do Windows (PKSO)

  21. Strategic Commitment to the Western Hemisphere • An Interdependent Community • Shared Values/Interests • Disagreement Does Not Equal Disrespect (virtue) • A Special Relationship • New Vision

  22. Cooperation Includes Mexico • Mexico is Not Ready to Join FSSF(N) • Sovereignty and Non-Intervention Issues • Democratic Changes are Causing the Military to Change • Security Cooperation is Quietly on the Rise

  23. Two Opposing Visions

  24. Constructive Regionalism • Focus more on WE, not ME or THEM • Regions have Real Security & Defense Responsibilities • Between States and the International Realm (UN) are Regional Structures

  25. Thanks For Listening • What are your questions?

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