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Chapter 7 Notes

Chapter 7 Notes . Book chapter 5. 7-1 Chemical Bonding. -Atom: basic building block of matter -114 elements *Chem bonding: combining of atoms of elements to form new substances. -Electrons and nrg Levels. -2,8,8 *Valence e-: -Stable vs Nonstable. Ex’s. -Electrons and Bonding.

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Chapter 7 Notes

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  1. Chapter 7 Notes Book chapter 5

  2. 7-1 Chemical Bonding -Atom: basic building block of matter -114 elements *Chem bonding: combining of atoms of elements to form new substances

  3. -Electrons and nrg Levels -2,8,8 *Valence e-: -Stable vs Nonstable

  4. Ex’s

  5. -Electrons and Bonding -e- in the outermost nrg level determines whether or not the atom will form chem bonds.

  6. 7-2 Ionic Bonding *Ionic bonding: transfer of e- *Ion: charged particle - Gaining or losing of e- - + or - atoms - Electromagnetic force hold opp charges together

  7. -Ionization nrg and Electron Affinity *Ionization: 1. Nrg needed to remove e- 2. Ionization nrg for atoms with many e-, is high 3. Atoms with few e-, is low

  8. Ion ex:

  9. NaCl--everyone is happy

  10. *Electron Affinity: tend to attract e-

  11. -Arrangement of Ions in Ionic Compounds *Crystal lattice: regular repeating arrangement -gives great stability -accounts for certain physical properties ex: ionic cmpnd high MP

  12. -Each ionic cmpnd has a characteristic crystal lattice

  13. -Ionic Properties -rigid crystal -conduct elect when melted or dissolved in H2O -probably a metal and nonmetal (from groups 16 or 17) -high melting points

  14. http://www.nd.edu/~aseriann/CHAP9.html/sld022.htm

  15. 7-3 Covalent Bonds *Cov Bon: sharing of e- -between atoms that have high ionization nrg and high electron affinities(Neither atom loses e- easily)

  16. Ex

  17. Covalent bonds form between: 2 nonmetals or a nonmetal and hydrogen

  18. Covalent or ionic? • Na and Cl • ionic • C and H • covalent • C and S • covalent • Ca and S • ionic

  19. -Nature of the Covalent Bond -Simplest is between H atoms *Electron-Dot Diagram: show only valence e- Ex’s: *Diatomic elements: always exist as 2 atoms cov. bonded

  20. -Formation of Molecules *Molecule: combination of atoms formed by a cov. Bond. -smallest part. Of a cov bonded substance that has all the prop. of that substance

  21. -Cov bonded solids tend to have low mp. *network solids: -high mp -large molecules -atoms continue to bond to one

  22. http://www.nd.edu/~aseriann/CHAP9.html/sld038.htm

  23. -Polyatomic ion *group of covalently bonded atoms that act like a single atom when combining with other atoms ex: NH4

  24. Compounds containing polyatomic ions are named by using your polyatomic ion chart.

  25. 7-4 Metallic Bonds *outer e- of the atoms form a common e- cloud -sea of mobile e- accounts for many of the properties of metals ex: malleable, ductile

  26. http://www.nd.edu/~aseriann/CHAP9.html/sld007.htm

  27. -metal ions can slide by each other and the e- are free to flow -also accounts for the high electric conductivity and high MP

  28. 7-5 Predicting Types of Bonds -Compounds formed between elements that lose e- easily and those that gain e- easily will have ionic bonds. ex: metal and a nonmetal

  29. -Compounds formed between elements that tend to gain e-’s will have covalent bonds. ex: between nonmetals ?MgF; OCl; KCl; SBr; CaS

  30. -Combining Capacity of Atoms *Oxidation #: -some elements have more than one oxidation #; it depends on the other atoms with which it bonds

  31. -Using Oxidation # -Use to predict how atoms will combine and what the formula for the resulting cmpnds will be. ~the sum of the ox must = 0 EX’s:

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