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Study Guide Questions

Study Guide Questions. What is the goal of reproduction? How does asexual reproduction differ from sexual reproduction? What must happen to the number of chromosomes in a cell in order to accomplish sexual reproduction?. Cell Division and Reproduction 12.1-12.3 Meiosis.

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Study Guide Questions

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  1. Study Guide Questions • What is the goal of reproduction? • How does asexual reproduction differ from sexual reproduction? • What must happen to the number of chromosomes in a cell in order to accomplish sexual reproduction?

  2. Cell Division and Reproduction 12.1-12.3 Meiosis Reproduction

  3. 12.1 Asexual Reproduction • Requires one parent • Each offspring is genetically identical to parent • “clone” • Prokaryotes – Binary Fission

  4. 12.1 Asexual Reproduction • Hydra – Budding • Planaria – Fragmentation

  5. 12.1 Asexual Reproduction • Plants – Vegetative Reproduction • Strawberries, grass, potatoes, Aspen trees

  6. 12.2 Chromosome Numbers • # of chromosomes varies • Humans & Black Mollie = 46 • Turkeys = 82 • Redwood trees = 22 • 2 sets of similar chromosomes • 1 set from each parent • Cells with 2 sets = diploid (2n) = somatic (body) cells • Cells with 1 set = haploid (1n or n) = gametes • Sperm – testis (spermatogenesis) • Egg – ovary (oogenesis)

  7. 12.2 Chromosome Numbers • Diploid organisms • One set from mom, one set from dad • Each chromosome pair are “homologous” • Similar structure, same genes in same places • Genes may have slightly different DNA sequences • Does not include sex chromosomes

  8. 12.2 Chromosome Number • Sexual reproduction = cell + cell • Somatic cell + Somatic cell • 2n + 2n = 4n (tetraploid) • Gamete cell + Gamete cell • 1n + 1n = 2n (diploid) • In order for sexual reproduction to occur, there must be a reduction of the chromosome number in sex cells

  9. 12.2 Chromosome Numbers • Meiosis – “reduction division” • 2n somatic cell  1n sex cells (gametes) • Fertilization • Two 1n sex cells  2n somatic cell • Fungi and Simple plants • Meiosis produces spores which develop into haploid organisms • Parthenogenesis • Unfertilized animal egg creates offspring

  10. Cloning(Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer)

  11. SCNT (Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer)

  12. ICSI (Intracytoplasmicspermatocyte injection)

  13. Intracytoplasmicspermatocyte injection

  14. Study Guide Questions • What does it mean for a cell to be diploid? • In Meiosis one 2n cell becomes four 1n cells. How is this possible?

  15. 12.3 Meiosis – Gamete Production • Different from Mitosis • DNA Replicates (just like normal) • Cells divide twice • Maternal and paternal chromosomes are mixed up and separated • “Independent assortment” provides genetic variety • Homologous chromosomes pair during first division – “tetrad” • “Crossing-over” provides genetic variety

  16. 12.3 Meiosis – Gamete Production • Spermatogenesis

  17. 12.3 Meiosis – Gamete Production • Oogenesis

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