Karbala: Aftermath and Consequences

1. Karbala:Aftermath and Consequences Dr. A.S. Hashim

2. Salaam to Al-Husain السلام عليك يا أبا عبد الله وعلى الأرواح التي حلت بفنائك عليك مني سلام الله أبداً ما بقيت وبقي الليل والنهار ولا جعله الله آخر العهد مني لزيارتكم السلام على الحسين وعلى علي بن الحسين وعلى أولاد الحسين وعلى أصحاب الحسين جميعاً ورحمة الله وبركاته

3. Surah Al-Fajr: the # 9 revealed Surah • Surah Al-Fajr was revealed in the early weeks of Islamic Mission, About: • 15 years before Ramadhan became a fasting month • 21 years before Haj was demonstrated by the Prophet (pbuh) • 84 years before Karbala events took place

4. Surah Al-Fajr, Tafseer

5. Subjects Discussed in the Slide Show 1. Immediate Period 3. Long Term 2. Intermediate Period

6. The Aftermath of Karbala

7. Immediate Period of Karbala Aftermath • Immediate Period after Karbala deals with: • Head of Imam Al-Husain in: • Karbala • Damascus • Cairo • Commemoration: Held Privately, locally, confidentially • Revolts • Ibn Zubair • Al-Tawwaboon • Al-Mukhtar avenging for Al-Husain • Building the Shrine

8. Intermediate Period of Karbala Aftermath: 2. The Sanctuary 3. The Commemoration 1. Revolts Karbala Aftermath Karbala is the Centerpiece for Islam Symbolizes the Struggle against Oppression and Injustice Throughout all Ages

9. IntermediatePeriod of Karbala Aftermath: • Intermediate period after Karbala • Al-Ridha (around 202H): Makes Commemoration Public (Majlis in the houses) • Destruction of Al-Husain’s Shrine (around 247H): • Al-Mutawak’kil: By the 3rd try • Rebuilding the shrine by al-Mun'tasir • Commemoration: • Publicly Parading, Al-Buwayhi period (around 375H) • Expanding the Shrine • Karbala as a town

10. Late Periodof Karbala Aftermath: • Up to Nowadays • Commemoration held world wide by the Shi'a • Asia • Europe • America: North and South America • Australia • Fasting (Celebrated) by the Sunni: • Moses crossing the sea (most Sunni reports). • Abdul Qadir Gailani (One Sunni report) claims events of Adam, Noah, Ibrahim, Moses, Ayyub, Yusuf, Yunus, Dawood, Suleiman, Jesus, and Husain: took place then.

11. (Head of al-Husain)Immediate Period #1 • Immediate Period after Karbala • Head of Al-Husain, Resting Place: • Karbala: at the Shrine • Damascus: Special Room in al-Masjid al-Umawi • Cairo: Al-Husain’s Shrine

12. The RevoltsImmediate Period #2: The Revolts 1. Ibn Zubair in Hijaz: Revolts against Yazid 2. Al-Tawwaboon: 4 yrs after Karbala, they fight unto death 3. Al-Mukhtar: 5-6 yrs after Karbala, Kills all if not most of the ones who fought Al-Husain, including all the leaders: Shimr, Omar ibn Sa’ad, and Ibn Ziyad

13. The RevoltsImmediate Period #2: • Immediate Period after Karbala • Al-Tawwaboon during Marwan’s Reign: fight Benu Umayya unto death, 4,000 (Some claim 16,000) • Al-Mukhtar avenging for Al-Husain: Killing all who fought Al-Husain especially: • Omar ibn Sa’ad • Shimr • Obaidullah ibn Ziyad • Rules Iraq for more than a year: during Abdul Malik’s reign • Al-Mukhtar builds the rudimentary Shrine for Imam Husain • Houses were built around, the beginning of town of Karbala

14. (The Commemoration)Immediate Period #3 • Immediate Period after Karbala • Commemoration: To hold Majlis, confidential, local, every year, in people’s houses, was urged by: • Zainul Abideen, • Al-Baaqir, • Al-Saadiq then • Subsequent Imams • To Discuss the events of Karbala and the cause against oppression and mischief, and hold to the ideals of Imam Husain • The Commemoration was a stroke of genius that proved to be the glue that holds the Shi’a together over the centuries

15. The 4 Phases of Commemoration The Commemorations

16. The Evolution of Commemoration 2. For 174 Yrs in Public and Private Homes in the Open 1. For 140 yrs Confidential in Private Homes only Karbala Aftermath 4. For 500 yrs In Processions with Excessive Practices 3. For 600 yrs In Processions Evolution of Commemoration

17. The Commemoration • Zainul Abideen, Al-Baaqir, Al-Saadiq, and subsequent Imams had emphasized it • Was Confidential, in people’s houses • Made Public due to Al-Ridha effort: around 202H, also in people’s houses • Parading in theStreets during Buwayhi rule in 4th century Hijrah and afterwards • To the excessive during Safawi period • Even more extreme nowadays

18. Zainul Abideen:To keep Karbala Alive Zainul Abideen urged people: • To visit the site of Karbala • To observe the anniversary of Karbala • In Sujood to touch a clean Turbah • Used a logo:  May the Killer of Al‑Husain Ibn Ali be Debased and Defiled. • Mention Al-Husain often, cry, and make people cry too, thus actively participating on behalf of Al-Husain

19. Karbala: Keeps on • The Culture of Karbala Keeps on and on: • Majlis and lectures • Commemoration: Mourning the occasion • The Sanctuary Continues despite adversities by: • Al-Mutawak’kil • The Ottomans • The Wahhabis • Saddam Hussein

20. The Sanctuary During the 1st 247 Years 1. No Sanctuary 2. Al-Mukhtar Structure By 247H: Al-Mun’tasir Rebuilds 6. Al-Mutawak’kil Demolishes 3. Al-Saffah Dome & Roof 5. Al-Amin Rebuilds 4. Al-Rasheed Demolishes

21. The Sanctuary of Imam Al-Husain: Up to 247H

22. The Sanctuary During the Years 280H-780H:Next 500 Years 1. By 280H: A Dome and 2 roofs 2. Udh'd al-Dawla Dome & Gallaries 7. 780H Jalaa’iri erects 2 Golden Minarets 6. Jalaa’iri remodels dome & Enclosure 3. Enclosure of Sepulcher 5. Nasir Deenul-Allah Rebuilds Enclosure 4. Damaged by fire; then Rebuilt

23. The Sanctuary of Imam Al-Husain #2

24. The Sanctuary During the Years 920H-1232H:Next 312 Years 1. By 920H: Ismail Safawi, the Tomb 2. Abbas Safawi constructs dharih 7. By 1232H Ali Shah Qajar repairs Dharih 6. Wahhabis spoil Dharih & portico, & loot 3. Murad IV whitewashes the dome 5. Qajar covers the dome with gold. 4. Nadir Shah decorates

25. The Shrine of Imam Al-Husain #3

26. The Sanctuary During the Years 1283H-1420HNext 137 Years 1. By 1283H: Qajar: Extend Courtyard 5. By 1420H Saddam Hussein attacks the shrine and massacres 2. Bohra community Enclosure solid Silver 4. Al-Khalsi extends courtyard and builds a Road 3. Bohra community rebuilt western minaret

27. The Shrine of Imam Al-Husain #4

28. Masjid al-Husain: Cairo, Egypt In Cairo Egypt

29. Masjid of al-Husain: Cairo, Egypt In Cairo Egypt

30. Shrine of Al-Husain: Karbala In Karbala, Iraq

31. Shrine of Al-Husain: Karbala In Karbala, Iraq

32. Numerical Perspective: (1996): SHI’A …………………………………………..… ….. 282 Millions SUNNI: • Hanafi …………….……………………...…………. 380 Millions • Maaliki ………………………………………………. 305 Millions • Shafi’i ……………………………………………….. 190 Millions • Hanbali …………………………………….......…….. 52 Millions

33. Iman (Belief)

34. Rituals (Ibadat)

35. Quran: Chapter 5, Verse 48

36. In Conclusion • Aftermath of Karbala Events • The developments in the Immediate, the intermediate, then the late period • The head of Husain • The Revolts • The Commemorations • The Sanctuary during: • The first 247H Years • The years of 280H-780H • The years of 920H-1232H • The years of 1283H-1420H • Pictures of the Sanctuaries • Statistics and Views of the Faith

37. Finally we quote the Quran:

38. THANK YOU Be blessed and in Allah’s Care Dr. A.S. Hashim