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KliMik - en tilgang til kvalitetsudvikling i klinikken. Jesper Buchholdt Gjørup ( jesgjo@rm.dk ) og Thomas Ochsner ( thooch@rm.dk ) Center for Kvalitetsudvikling ( www.cfk.rm.dk ) november 2010. De mange tiltag, koncepter og begreber. Hvad er et klinisk mikrosystem?.
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KliMik- en tilgang til kvalitetsudvikling i klinikken Jesper Buchholdt Gjørup (jesgjo@rm.dk) og Thomas Ochsner (thooch@rm.dk) Center for Kvalitetsudvikling (www.cfk.rm.dk) november 2010
Hvad er et klinisk mikrosystem? • Den gruppe af fagpersoner eller tværfaglige team, der i samspil med patienten har til opgave at opnå størst mulig kvalitet i pleje og behandling af patienten • Kilde: ”Introduktion til Kliniske mikrosystemer. Kvalitetsudvikling med patienten i centrum” • 2. udgave. Dansk Sundhedsinstitut, Center for Kvalitet og Danske Regioner 2010
Mikrosystemet defineres ud fra fire spørgsmål • Formål: What is the aim or purpose? • Målgruppe: Who is the small population of people who benefit from this aim? • Kolleger: Who do you work with daily (administratively, technically, and/or professionally)? • Information: What information and information technology is part of the daily work? • Kilde: Mohr JJ, Batalden PB. • Improving safety on the front lines: the role of clinical microsystems. • Qual Saf Health Care. 2002 Mar;11(1):45–50
Kliniske mikrosystemer er ogsåen strategi • Kliniske mikrosystemer er en systemisk forandringsstrategi i stil med lean og »gennembrudsmetoden«. • Den har fokus på inddragelse af brugerne og tager udgangspunkt i, at det er medarbejderne i den kliniske kontekst, som skal udvikle og forbedre arbejdet. • Ugeskr Laeger. 2010 Mar 8;172(10):778-81. • Poulstrup A, Hansen J. • Region Syddanmark, Middelfart, Center for Kvalitet, og Dansk Sundhedsinstitut, Denmark. poulstrup@dadlnet.dk • Abstract PMID: 20211082 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Klinisk mikrosystems karakteristika • Veldefineret mindre enhed af personale • Medarbejderinvolvering i kvalitetsudvikling • Mål og målinger • Inddragelse af patienter og evt. pårørende • Kilde: ”Introduktion til Kliniske mikrosystemer. Kvalitetsudvikling med patienten i centrum” • 2. udgave. Dansk Sundhedsinstitut, Center for Kvalitet og Danske Regioner 2010
Pårørende Professionelle Patienten
Patientens ”team” Familie og venner De tværfaglige team Fagpersonen Ægtefælle Børn Sygeplerske Forældre Venner Terapeut
”Summen af kardemommen”? • 1. See things through the patient’s eyes • 2. Find better ways of doing things • 3. Look at the whole picture • 4. Give frontline staff the time and tools to tackle the problem • 5. Take small steps as well as big leaps • ( Fillingham 2002 )
Den reflekterede praksis Teorier/ hypoteser Dialoger Planer/ aftaler Vurdere Dokumentere Data/ målinger/ observationer Handlinger
5 P i Kliniske Mikrosystemer • Patients; who are they, how do you know what they want from • you, how do you communicate with them informally? • People; Who is in your team? What skills do you all have? How • can you make the most of everyone? • Patterns; How do things vary? What happens when things go • wrong? How could it be better? • Processes; How do things happen in the team? What systems • do we have and are they right for us now? • Purpose; Is what we do clear to everyone? Are there competing • demands on our service? • Kilde: Se fx ”Using Clinical Microsystems and Mesosystems as Enablers for • Service Improvement in Mental Health Services” Written by M J Gray • Based on the service improvement work undertaken by • Mike Gill and Mike Gray: ”Service Improvement Leads Modernisation Team • Humber Mental Health Teaching NHS Trust June 2006
Det kliniske værdikompas Funktionel status ↔ ↕ Klinisk/ Fagligt Patient/pårørende tilfredshed Økonomiske omkostninger
”Patterns” – at se mønstre • Arbejdsgangsanalyser (flowcharts) • Målinger (fx kvalitetsindikatorer og tidsregistr.) • Statistisk processtyring (SPC)
forudsætninger for at KMS kan forankre sig: • Ledelsesmæssig opbakning • Medarbejderne er interesserede i udvikling • Engageret og dedikeret tovholder/overordnet udviklingsleder • Ressourcer bliver afsat, f.eks i form af tid til at deltage i møder • Villighed til at prioritere og opbygge et internt støttesystem (på afsnitsniveau og på tværs af afsnit på sygehuset) • Basal kendskab til karakteristika for KMS • http://www.centerforkvalitet.dk/wm300848
”BILAG”: Dokumentation • Er der belæg for at ”kliniske mikrosystemer” som koncept er en effektiv tilgang?
Hvad er problemet? • ”Healthcare organisations are often complex, disorganised, and opaque systems to their users and their patients. This disorganisation may lead to patient discomfort and harm as well as much waste.” • Citat fra • ”Integrating patient safety into the clinical microsystem” • J J Mohr, P Batalden, P Barach • Qual Saf Health Care 2004;13(Suppl II):ii34–ii38. doi: 10.1136/qshc.2003.009571
Et kli.mik. har fælles formål og patienter • A clinical microsystem is • a small organised group of • clinicians and staff • working together with • a shared clinical purpose to • provide care for • a defined set of patients. • Kilde: Mohr JJ, Batalden PB. • Improving safety on the front lines: the role of clinical microsystems. • Qual Saf Health Care. 2002 Mar;11(1):45–50
Kli.Mik er også IT, lokaler og mål • Ett kliniskt mikrosystem är • en grupp medarbetare • som regelbundet arbetar tillsammans • inklusive patienten och det IT-stöd som används. • Det ska inte förväxlas med begreppet team. Det är vidare än så. • Mikrosystemet kan också sägas inkludera den plats och miljö där patienter och vårdgivare möts. • Man har gemensamma värderingar, mål, information, man ingår i samma process och åstadkommer tillsammans ett resultat. • Mikrosystemet har såväl kliniska som ekonomiska mål, samverkande processer, delad information och skapar tillsammans resultat. • http://www.lj.se/infopage.jsf?nodeId=31753
Effektive mikrosystemers karakteristika • • Integration of information • • Måling (Measurement) • • Interdependence of the care team • • Støtte (Supportiveness of the larger system) • • Formål (Constancy of purpose) • • I kontakt (Connection to the community) • • Investment in improvement • • Alignment of role and training • Mohr JJ, Batalden PB. • Improving safety on the front lines: the role of clinical microsystems. • Qual Saf Health Care. 2002 Mar;11(1):45–50
Formål, information og IT • . • The clinical purpose defines the essential parts of the microsystem. • Use of information is key to its ability to function; • information technology facilitates collecting, assessing, and sharing of information. • •. • Kilde: Mohr JJ, Batalden PB. • Improving safety on the front lines: the role of clinical microsystems. • Qual Saf Health Care. 2002 Mar;11(1):45–50
Kliniske mikrosystemer som teoretisk koncept… • Er oprindeligt empirisk baseret på casestudier af 20 velfungerende enheder i det amerikanske sundhedsvæsen i 2000-2001 • Trækker på teorier om Den Lærende Organisation, Systemteori, Systemisk tænkning, Kvalitetsudvikling (QI), Benchmarking mm
Fokus på patienten, processer og mønstre forbedrer resultaterne • micro practices are using patient focus, process improvement, performance patterns, and information technology to improve performance. • Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2008 Aug;34(8):445-52. • Clinical microsystems, part 2. Learning from micro practices about providing patients the care they want and need. • Wasson JH, Anders SG, Moore LG, Ho L, Nelson EC, Godfrey MM, Batalden PB. • Center for the Aging, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA. John.H.Wasson@Dartmouth.edu • Abstract • BACKGROUND: Usual medical care in the United States is frequently not a satisfying experience for either patients or primary care physicians. Whether primary care can be saved and its quality improved is a subject of national concern. An increasing number of physicians are using microsystem principles to radically redesign their practices. Small, independent practices-micro practices-are often able to incorporate into a few people the frontline attributes of successful microsystems such as clear leadership, patient focus, process improvement, performance patterns, and information technology. PATIENT FOCUS, PROCESS IMPROVEMENT, AND PERFORMANCE PATTERNS: An exemplary microsystem will (1) have as its primary purpose a focus on the patient-a commitment to meet all patient needs; (2) make fundamental to its work the study, measurement, and improvement ofcare-a commitment to process improvement; and (3) routinely measure its patterns of performance, "feed back" the data, and make changes based on the data. LESSONS FROM MICRO PRACTICES: The literature and experience with micro practices suggest that they (1) constitute an important group in which to demonstrate the value of microsystem thinking; (2) can become very effective clinical microsystems; (3) can reduce their overhead costs to half that of larger freestanding practices, enabling them to spend more time working with their patients; (4) can develop new tools and approaches without going through layers of clearance; and (5) need not reinvent the wheel. CONCLUSIONS: Patient-reported data demonstrate how micro practices are using patient focus, process improvement, performance patterns, and information technology to improve performance. Pati ents should be able to report that they receive "exactly the care they want and need exactly when and how they want and need it." • PMID: 18714745 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Opnå bedre, målbare resultater • Holding clinical microsystems accountable for improving unit performance proved beneficial to macrosystem performance of the Joint Commission core measures • Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2010 Sep;36(9):387-98. • Improving and sustaining core measure performance through effective accountability of clinical microsystems in an academic medical center. • Pardini-Kiely K, Greenlee E, Hopkins J, Szaflarski NL, Tabb K. • Stanford Hospital & Clinics, Stanford, California, USA. • Abstract • BACKGROUND: Evidence-based performance measures, known as core measures, have been established by The Joint Commission to improve the quality of care for patient populations, such as those with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), as well as to improve the quality of surgical care--the Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) measures. Hospital administrators have traditionally held academic and community physicians and hospital clinicians accountable for integrating the core measures into daily practice. Such efforts have often led to suboptimal results because of the belief that the "organization" (macrosystem) is the appropriate level at which to work to improve quality. Stanford Hospital and Clinics (Stanford, California) has instead held leaders of clinical microsystems--the clinical units where care is provided--accountable to improve performance on the core measures. The strategic approaches taken for this initiative include engagement of the hospital's board of directors; clear assignment of accountability among interdisciplinary care teams to drive the change; implementation of a unit-based medical director program; transparency of core measure performance at the microsystem, mesosystem, and macrosystem levels; and concurrent monitoring with rapid feedback of results. • RESULTS: In 2007, the first year of this initiative, the 24-metric composite compliance score for all four core measures increased from 64% to 82%. The composite score was sustained at a minimum of 90% during 2009 and Quarter 1 of 2010. • CONCLUSIONS: Holding clinical microsystems accountable for improving unit performance proved beneficial to macrosystem performance of the Joint Commission core measures. • PM
Opnå sikker og effektiv patientbehandling • Beginning to master and make use of microsystem principles and methods to attain macrosystem peak performance can help us knit together care in a fragmented health system, eschew archipelago building in favor of nation-building strategies, achieve safe and efficient care with reliable handoffs, and provide the best possible care and attain the best possible health outcomes • Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2008 Jul;34(7):367-78. • Clinical microsystems, part 1. The building blocks of health systems. • Nelson EC, Godfrey MM, Batalden PB, Berry SA, Bothe AE Jr, McKinley KE, Melin CN, Muething SE, Moore LG, Wasson JH, Nolan TW. • Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA. Eugene.C.Nelson@Hitchcock.org • Abstract • BACKGROUND: Wherever, however, and whenever health care is delivered-no matter the setting or population of patients-the body of knowledge on clinical microsystems can guide and support innovation and peak performance. Many health care leaders and staff at all levels of their organizations in many countries have adapted microsystem knowledge to their local settings. CLINICAL MICROSYSTEMS: A PANORAMIC VIEW: HOW DO CLINICAL MICROSYSTEMS FIT TOGETHER? As the patient's journey of care seeking and care delivery takes place over time, he or she will move into and out of an assortment of clinical microsystems, such as a family practitioner's office, an emergency department, and an intensive care unit. This assortment of clinical microsystems-combined with the patient's own actions to improve or maintain health--can be viewed as the patient's unique health system. This patient-centric view of a health system is the foundation of second-generation development for clinical microsystems. LESSONS FROM THE FIELD: These lessons, which are not comprehensive, can be organized under the familiar commands that are used to start a race: On Your Mark, Get Set, Go! ... with a fourth category added-Reflect: Reviewing the Race. These insights are intended as guidance to organizations ready to strategically transform themselves. CONCLUSION: Beginning to master and make use of microsystem principles and methods to attain macrosystem peak performance can help us knit together care in a fragmented health system, eschew archipelago building in favor of nation-building strategies, achieve safe and efficient care with reliable handoffs, and provide the best possible care and attain the best possible health outcomes. • PMID: 18677868 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Det teoretiske grundlag • The conceptual theory of the clinical microsystem • is based on ideas developed by Deming, • Senge, Wheatley, and others who applied systems • thinking to organisational development, • leadership, and improvement • Qual Saf Health Care. 2004 December; 13(Suppl 2): ii34–ii38.doi: 10.1136/qshc.2003.009571.PMCID: • Integrating patient safety into the clinical microsystem • J Mohr, P Batalden, and P Barach
Om ledelse af KliMik • Senior leaders of the microsystem should: • look for ways in which the macro-organisation connects to and facilitates the work of the microsystem; • support the needs of the microsystem; • facilitate the coordination among microsystems. • Kilde: Mohr JJ, Batalden PB. • Improving safety on the front lines: the role of clinical microsystems. • Qual Saf Health Care. 2002 Mar;11(1):45–50
Mikrosystemer er dele af større systemer • Microsystems are usually • part of a larger organisation and • are embedded in a legal, financial, social, and regulatory • environment. • Kilde: Mohr JJ, Batalden PB. • Improving safety on the front lines: the role of clinical microsystems. • Qual Saf Health Care. 2002 Mar;11(1):45–50
Den første KliMik-artikel … • Mohr JJ, Batalden PB. • Improving safety on the front lines: the role of clinical microsystems. • Qual Saf Health Care. 2002 Mar;11(1):45–50. • [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Artikler om kliniske mikrosystemer • Nelson Eugene C, Batalden Paul B, Huber Thomas P, Mohr Julie J, Godfrey Marjorie M, Headrick Linda A, Wasson John H. • Microsystems in health care: Part 1. Learning from high-performing front-line clinical units. • Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 2002 Sep;28(9):472–493.[PubMed] • Nelson Eugene C, Batalden Paul B, Homa Karen, Godfrey Marjorie M, Campbell Christine, Headrick Linda A, Huber Thomas P, Mohr Julie J, Wasson John H. Microsystems in health care: Part 2. Creating a rich information environment. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 Jan;29(1):5–15. [PubMed] • Godfrey Marjorie M, Nelson Eugene C, Wasson John H, Mohr Julie J, Batalden Paul B. Microsystems in health care: Part 3. Planning patient-centered services. Jt Comm J Qual Saf.2003 Apr;29(4):159–170. [PubMed] • Wasson John H, Godfrey Marjorie M, Nelson Eugene C, Mohr Julie J, Batalden Paul B. Microsystems in health care: Part 4. Planning patient-centered care. Jt Comm J Qual Saf.2003 May;29(5):227–237. [PubMed] • Batalden Paul B, Nelson Eugene C, Mohr Julie J, Godfrey Marjorie M, Huber Thomas P, Kosnik Linda, Ashling Kerri. Microsystems in health care: Part 5. How leaders are leading. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 Jun;29(6):297–308. [PubMed] • Mohr Julie J, Barach Paul, Cravero Joseph P, Blike George T, Godfrey Marjorie M, Batalden Paul B, Nelson Eugene C. Microsystems in health care: Part 6. Designing patient safety into the microsystem. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 Aug;29(8):401–408. [PubMed] • Kosnik Linda K, Espinosa James A. Microsystems in health care: Part 7. The microsystem as a platform for merging strategic planning and operations. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 Sep;29(9):452–459. [PubMed] • Huber Thomas P, Godfrey Marjorie M, Nelson Eugene C, Mohr Julie J, Campbell Christine, Batalden Paul B. Microsystems in health care: Part 8. Developing people and improving work life: what front-line staff told us. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 Oct;29(10):512–522. [PubMed] • Batalden Paul B, Nelson Eugene C, Edwards William H, Godfrey Marjorie M, Mohr Julie J. Microsystems in health care: Part 9. Developing small clinical units to attain peak performance. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 Nov;29(11):575–585. [PubMed]
KliMik i Norge • Kvalitetspris til lungelege • 28-03-2010 • Overlege PhD Christian von Plessen (45) er tildelt Helse Vests kvalitetspris for 2010. Han fikk prisen for sitt arbeid med kvalitetsforbedring gjennom flere år ved lungeavdelingen på Haukeland universitetssykehus. • Christian von Plessen har ledet flere kliniske forbedringsprosjekter. Blant annet har han opprettet et klinisk mikrosystem for lindrende behandling av pasienter med lungekreft.
KliMik i Sverige • Mikrosystemfestivalen Læs mere på http://www.qulturum.se
Svensk litteratur • Artiklar • "Att fånga mjuka värden med hårda fakta (pdf, nytt fönster) - ur LIV nummer 4 september 2006 • "De vann guldskalpellen - vad kan sjukvården lära?" - ur Pulsen nummer 5 2006 • "Brobyggare med spännande idéer"(pdf, nytt fönster) - artikel med professor Paul Batalden ur tidningen Utvecklingskraft 2005 • Lean i hälso- och sjukvården (intervju med Göran Henriks och annat om lean i norsk bilaga) febr 2008 • Tre av de nio artiklarna om kliniska mikrosystem översatta till svenska och delvis sammanfattade: • Del 1: Att lära från enheter där front-linjen fungerar bra (Word, nytt fönster) • Del 2: Att skapa en arbetsplats rik på fakta och information (Word, nytt fönster) • Del 4: Att planera patientcentrerad vård (Word, nytt fönster)
1 2 Analysera Processen Hur ser processen ut som åstadkommer vård till just dessa patienter? Första kontakt Tillfredsställelse 3 4 Generera idéer till förändringar Välj första/nästa förändring till pilottesten Orienteringsblad för förbättringsarbete Idé: att påskynda det praktiska förbättringsarbetet genom att sammanföra kunskap om resultat och processer med att genomföra tester av identifierade förbättringsmöjligheter. PROCESS RESULTAT • Välj en patientgrupp • Syftet med förbättringsarbetet? • Givet vår önskan att begränsa/minska • ohälsan i ”just dessa patienters” liv • -vad kan då anses som önskvärda mått? Funktionellt hälsostatus Bedömning Diagnostik Behandling Kliniskt Uppföljning Kostnader FÖRÄNDRINGAR PILOT • Vilka idéer har vi för att förändra vårt sätt att arbeta, så vi uppnår • bättre resultat? Hur kan vi använda Planera - Gör - Studera - Lär (Plan - Do - Study - Act) cykeln för att pilottesta en förbättringsidé? Värdekompassen arbetsmaterial ã 1997, LandstingsförbundetSvensk bearbetning: Bergström M, Olsson J med tillåtelse av Paul B Batalden
1 i orienteringsbladet) (Punkt A B C • Fysiskt • Mentalt • Socialt Funktionellt hälsostatus • Kliniskt • Provresultat • Komplika- tioner • Tillfredsställelse • Upplevd hälsovinst • Med sättet att ge vården Kostnader • Direkta • Indirekta Värdekompassen - Arbetsblad - VAD mäta VÄLJ EN PATIENTGRUPP (specificera patientgruppen) SYFTE VÄRDE TIPS Arbetsbladets syfte är att: identifiera de resultat- och kostnadsmått som beskriver värdet av vården. 1. Välj en patientgrupp. 2. Sätt samman ett tvärfunktionellt arbetslag. 3. Använd brainstorming eller liknande för att skapa en ”lista” med mått. 4. Börja i väster (kliniskt) på värdekompassen, arbeta sedan medsols. 5. Använd multiröstning för att reducera ”listan” av nyckelmått för resultat- och kostnader. 6. Ställ de data som behövs mot data du kan få i dag. -Vad är rimligt? 7. Gå till Värdekompassen - Arbetsblad - HUR mäta. Värdekompassen arbetsmaterial ã 1997, LandstingsförbundetSvensk bearbetning: Bergström M, Olsson J med tillåtelse av Paul B Batalden
för valda mått 1 Värdekompassen - Arbetsblad - HUR mäta SPECIFIKA DEFINITIONER (Punkt i orienteringsbladet) TIPS Mått: namnge måtten och gör en kort beskrivning av dem. Beskrivningen skall tala om för andra vadsom mäts och vem som äger måttet. Mätmetod: beskriv metoden och systematiken för mätandet av variabeln. Den skall skrivas så att olika människor kan utföra mätningen och uppnå jämförbara resultat. Beskrivningen skall på ett begripligt och enkelt sätt förklara för den som mäter hur detta skall utföras. Värdekompassen arbetsmaterial ã 1997, LandstingsförbundetSvensk bearbetning: Bergström M, Olsson J med tillåtelse av Paul B Batalden
4 A E GÖR Vad lär vi oss under genomförandet av pilot-testen? B G C Pilottestning - Arbetsblad: Idé till arbetsgång i orienteringsbladet) (Punkt D PLANERA Hur skall vi planera pilot-testen? SYFTE Vad försöker vi åstadkomma? (Mer specifikt syfte) • Vem? Gör vad? När? Med vilka metoder och vilken utbildning? MÅTT Hur kommer vi veta att en förändring är en förbättring? F STUDERA När vi studerar vad som hänt, vad lär vi oss av det? LÄR VALD FÖRÄNDRINGSIDÉ Agera utifrån vunnen kunskap -Hur gå vidare? Hur kan vi beskriva den förändringsidé vi valt att testa? Värdekompassen arbetsmaterial ã 1997, LandstingsförbundetSvensk bearbetning: Bergström M, Olsson J med tillåtelse av Paul B Batalden