Lecture 2: Biblical Worldview Thinking

1. Lecture 2: Biblical Worldview Thinking • Introduction to Worldview Thinking: ~ Paul R. Shockley Our overall objective for apologetics is to be able to think and behave like Jesus Christ to such an extent that we will not be dishonored in anything or by anyone.

2. Review from last class:“People almost invariably arrive at their beliefs not on the basis of proof but on the basis of what they find attractive.”--Blaise Pascal (17th century French philosopher)

3. Why do you believe what you believe? SOCIO-LOGICAL REASONS Parents Friends Society Culture Geography Community Peer Pressure PSYCHO-LOGICAL REASONS Comfort Peace of mind Meaning Purpose Hope Identity Feelings or Intuition RELIGI-OUS REASONS Scripture Pastor/Priest Guru Rabbi Imam Church Tradition Mysticism PHILO-SOPHICAL REASONS Consistency Coherence Completeness BIBLICAL TRUTH Accurate Exegesis Biblical, Theological Systematic Coherence Adapted from: James Sire, “Why Should Anyone Believe Anything At All” in Telling the Truth, D.A. Carson, ed.

4. A worldview is constructed of 5 Critical Elements: Your view of God. Your view of truth. Your view of reality (Material or immaterial-Material or Spiritual). Your view of ethics. Your view of humanity.

5. Correspondence View of Truth: Truth is that which corresponds to its object, whether the object is abstract or concrete. Truth is the way things really are. Truth is “telling like it is.”

6. Coherent View of Truth: Truth is that which is internally consistent; what coheres within; what is self-consistent.

7. Pragmatic View of Truth: A statement is known to be true if it brings the right results. If it works, then it is true.

8. What is Truth? Truth is that which corresponds to reality, identifies things as they actually are, must be able to be expressed in propositions (t + t = true), can never fail, diminish, change, or be extinguished, and is sourced in the God of the Bible, who is the Author of all truth.

9. “Did you know that there are more than 6,000 distinct religions in our world today? Did you also know that world religions and even philosophical worldview tend to break down into 5 major categories of assumptions/thoughts/perspectives/values, etc.

10. Consider the following worldview systems:1. Philosophical Naturalistic Worldview2. Philosophical Postmodern Worldview.3. Religious Pantheistic Worldviews.4. Religious Polytheism & Spiritism worldviews.5. Theistic Worldview6. Biblical Christian Worldview

11. What do we mean by “system”? System (from the Latin, systēma; Greek σύστημα; sustēma) is an assemblage of entities/objects real or abstract, comprising a whole with each & every component/element interacting or related to another one. Any object which has no relationship with any other element of the system is not a component of that system.~ Wikipedia.

12. Naturalistic Worldview? VIEW OF GOD ATHEISM: There is no God. AGNOSTICISM: There is not enough information to determine whether God exists. SECULAR EXISTENTIALISM God does not exist so humanity must learn to live without Him (angst). WITHOUT GOD ?????? VIEW OF MAN CHANCE PRODUCT OF EVOLUTION ENTIRELY MATERIAL-BIOLOGICAL MACHINE . MAN IS FINITE AND WILL ON DAY BECOME EXTINCT THERE IS NO AFTERLIFE THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS “SIN” VIEW OF TRUTH TRUTH IS USUALLY UNDERSTOOD AS SCIENTIFIC PROOF KNOWLEDGE GAINED BY FIVE SENSES ONLY THAT WHICH CAN BE OBSERVED WITH THE FIVE SENSES IS ACCEPTED AS REAL VIEW OF VALUES: NO OBJECTIVE PRESCRIPTIVE VALUESMORALS ARE INDIVIDUAL PREFRENCES, SOCIOLOGICALLY USEFUL BEHAVIOR. CONSCIENCE MAY BE AN EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT USUALLY SITUATIONAL OR CONTRACT MODEL OF ETHICS VIEW OF REALITY THE MATERIAL UNIVERSE IS ALL THAT EXISTS REALITY IS “ONE –DIMENSIONAL” NO SUPER-NATURALISM. EVERYTHING CAN BE EXPLAINED ON THE BASIS OF PHYSICAL/ CHEMICAL LAWS/SOCIO-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

13. POSTMODERN WORLDVIEW: VIEW OF GOD PAGANISM: NEW AGE: SPIRITUALISM: NON-THEISM?????WHY EVEN ASK THE QUESTION? VIEW OF MAN HUMANS ARE NODES IN CULTURAL-REALITY THEY ARE PRODUCES OF THEIR SUBCULTURAL/SOCIAL SETTING COULD BE A PRODUCT OF EVOLUTION BIASES, SCRIPTED BY SUBCULTURE VIEW OF TRUTH TRUTHS ARE MENTAL CONSTRUCTS MEANINGFUL TO INDIVIDUALS/ SUBCULTURAL PARADIGMS. TRUTH IS REDEFINED AS A PARTICULAR CONSTRUCT/ NO UNIVERSAL TRUTHS RESIST ALL FORMS OF CATEGORIZA-TION VIEW OF VALUES: NO OBJECTIVE MORAL OBJECTIVESANTI-AUTHORITARIAN. VALUES ARE MENTAL CONSTRUCTS MEANING TO INDIVIDUALS/SUB-CULTURAL PARADIGMS PARTICULAR MORALISM TOLERANCE IS PRIZED VIRTUE VIEW OF REALITY REALITY IS SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED. THE IDEA THAT THERE IS A REALITY OUT THERE IS A PRODUCT OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY/ WESTERN THOUGHT. THE IDEA THAT PEOPLE ARE AUTONOMOUS AND FREE IS A MYTH. POSTMODERNISTS RESIST ALL FORMS OF CATEGORIZATIONS, STRUCTURES, LABELS, & DEFINITIONS.

14. THE RELIGIOUS WORLDVIEWS OF PANTHEISM: VIEW OF GOD HINDUISM: Polytheism. TAOISM: Ultimate Reality is Impersonal: Ying-Yang Dualism. BUDDHISM: Polytheism NEW AGE BELIEFS. VIEW OF MAN MAN IS ONE WITH REALITY, THUS MAN IS SPIRITUAL AND ETERNAL INDIVIDUALISM IS AN ILLUSION AN PERSON WHO BECOMES AWAKENED FROM THE “SLEEP OF IGNORANCE” BY DIRECTLY THE TRUE NATURE OF REALITY IS A “BUDDHA.” VIEW OF TRUTH TRUTH IS AN EXPERIENCE OF UNITY WITHIN “ONENESS OF THE UNIVERSE.” TRUTH IS BEYOND ALL RATIONAL DESCRIPTION AWAKENING IS THROUGH MEDITATION, VARIOUS RELIGIOUS PRACTICES, ETC. VIEW OF VALUES: BECAUSE ULTIMATELY REALITY IS IMPERSONAL, THERE IS NO REAL DISTINCTION BETWEEN GOOD & EVIL.INSTEAD, “UNENLIGHTENED BEHAVIOR” IS THAT WHICH FAILS TO UNDERSTAND ESSENTIAL UNITY (IGNORANCE). VIEW OF REALITY THE MATERIAL UNIVERSE IS ALL THAT EXISTS BUDDHIST PRACTICE IS TO PUT AN END TO THE STRESS OF EXISTENCE ONLY THE SPIRITUAL DIMENSION EXISTS; ALL ELSE IS ILLUSION. SPIRITUAL REALITY IS ETERNAL & IMPERSONAL.

15. SPIRITISM & POLYTHEISM: VIEW OF GOD ANIMISM: Primitive beliefs, the doctrine of spiritual beings. Spirit beings inhabit ordinary objects, inorganic or organic. The world is populated by “spirit beings” who govern what goes on. POLYTHEISM: There are many gods that exist both beyond and in the universe. VIEW OF MAN MAN IS A CREATION OF THE GODS LIKE THE REST OF THE CREATURES ON EARTH. OFTEN, TRIBES OR COMMUNITIES HAVE A SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH SOME GODS WHO PROTECT THEM & CAN PUNISH THEM . VIEW OF TRUTH FOR SPIRITISM, TRUTH ABOUT THE NATURAL WORLD IS TYPICALLY DISCOVERED THROUGH A SHAMAN FIGURE WHO HAS VISIONS THAT TELL HIM OR HER WHAT THE GODS AND DEMONS ARE DOING & HOW THEY FEEL. TRUTH CAN BE ARBITRARY. VIEW OF VALUES: FORM OF TABOOS, WHICH ARE THINGS WHICH IRRITATE OR ANGER VARIOUS SPIRITS. THESE TABOOS ARE DIFFERENT FROM THE IDEA OF “GOOD & EVIL” BECAUSE IT IS JUST AS IMPORTANT TO AVOID IRRITATING EVIL SPIRITS AS IT IS GOOD ONES. VIEW OF REALITY WORLD IS POPULATED BY BEINGS WHO GOVERN REALITY. GOD & DEMONS ARE THE REAL REASON BEHIND NATURAL EVENTS. MATERIAL THINGS ARE REAL, BUT HAVE SPIRITS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM; REALITY CAN BE INTERPRETED SPIRITUALLY.

16. MONOTHEISTIC WORLDVIEW: VIEW OF GOD CHRISTIANITY ISLAM JUDAISM AN INFINITE-PERSONAL GOD EXISTS BOTH BEYOND & IN THE UNIVERSE GOD IS THE CREATOR OF THE UNIVERSE, WORLD, VALUES, LIFE, INCLUDING MAN. VIEW OF MAN HUMANITY IS THE UNIQUE CREATION OF GOD PEOPLE ARE PERSONAL, SPIRITUAL, & BIOLOGICAL.MAN IS ETERNALLY JUDGED BY GOD. MAN IS TYPICALLY VIEWED AS SINFUL, IN NEED OF REDEMPTION. VIEW OF TRUTH TRUTH ABOUT GOD IS KNOWN BOTH BY GENERAL & SPECIAL REVELATION REVELATION, USE OF FIVE SENSES, & RATIONAL THOUGHT (KNOWLEDGE) TYPICALLY, CORRE-SPONDENT / COHERENT VIEW OF TRUTH. VIEW OF VALUES: MORAL VALUES ARE THE OBJECTIVE EXPRESSION OF AN ABSOLUTE MORAL BEING TYPICALLY BELIEVE IN NATURAL, MORAL LAW & SPECIAL REVELATION, A BODY OF TRUTH REVEALED BY GOD FOR HONORING HIM. TYPICALLY, SOME ABSOLUTE FORM OF ETHICS. VIEW OF REALITY REALITY AS IT IS CREATED BY GOD REALITY IS BOTH MATERIAL SPIRITUAL MIRACLES CAN AND DO OCCUR. THE UNIVERSE HAS A BEGINNING & WILL HAVE AN END. OFTEN, CLASSICAL REALISM.

17. BIBLICAL CHRISTIAN WORLDVIEW: VIEW OF GOD DOCTRINE OF THEOLOGY PROPER DOCTRINE OF CREATOR – CREATION DISTINCTION. DOCTRINE OF TRINITY DOCTRINE OF CHRISTOLOGY DOCTRINE OF PNEUMATOLOGY VIEW OF MAN DOCTRINE OF ANTHRO-POLOGY DOCTRINE OF THE IMAGE OF GOD IN MAN DOCTRINE OF EVIL & SIN DOCTRINE OF SOTERIOLOGY ECCLESIOLOGY/ ISRAELOLOGY BIBLICAL JUDGMENTS VIEW OF TRUTH DOCTRINE OF TRUTH: Typically correspondence – coherent models. DOCTRINE OF PROLEGOMENA & BIBLIOLOGY HERMEN-EUTICS BIBLICAL APPLICATION OF TRUTH SOLA SCRIPTURA VIEW OF VALUES: MORAL VALUES ARE THE OBJECTIVE TRUTHS SOURCED IN THE GOD OF THE BIBLE NATURAL, MORAL LAW & SCRIPTURE FOR GODLY LIVING. ABSOLUTE FORM OF ETHICS: Qualified absolutism; conflict absolutism; graded absolutism. STEWARDSHIP VIEW OF REALITY REALITY CREATED BY GOD OF BIBLE. FIRST PRINCIPLES OF LOGIC REALITY IS MATERIAL SPIRITUAL; MIRACLES CAN & DO OCCUR. ESCHATOLOGY. ANGELOLOGY- DEMONOLOGY- SATANOLOGY.

18. One goal of apologetics is to (1) expose inadequate justifications for belief & (2) provide a solid basis for validating or invalidating truth claims in order that we may have (3) a consistent & God-honoring foundation for godly living and servant-leadership.

19. Every worldview can be analyzed by answering the following three questions: Where did we come from, and what are we (creation)? What has gone wrong with the world (fall)? What can we do to fix it (redemption)?