Lecture 2 Software Process Models / Requirements Analysis

1. Lecture 2 Software Process Models / Requirements Analysis CSCE 492 Software Engineering • Topics • Mythical Man Month • Waterfall model • Spiral Method • Requirements Analysis • Readings: Chapter 3 May 31, 2006

2. Overview • Last Time • Overview • Quality Software • Today’s Lecture • Pragmatics • UML references, Teams • Models for the process of software development • Waterfall model, Spiral model, Agile, • Requirements • References: • Chapters 2 and 3 of the text • Boehm paper “Spiral Model” • Next Time:

3. UML – Unified Modeling Language • UML reference • http://www.holub.com/goodies/uml/ • Website of Quickreference Cards • http://www.digilife.be/quickreferences/quickrefs.htm

4. Teams • Hal Hubbard, Jeremy Lane, Yoni Rayburn, Marvin Million • Lewis Clyburn, Scott Sanders, Eun Yoon • Segi Simmons, Pinar Wilbanks, Adriel Shaw, • Clarke ?

5. Working in Teams • Be conscientious about due dates • Meet regularly with your team • Always create an agenda for every team meeting • Rotate responsibility for chairing team meetings Authors’ slide modified

6. Holding Effective Team Meetings • Create a clear agenda addressing the essential tasks that must be accomplished in order to complete the necessary deliverables • Stick to the agenda during the meeting • Ensure that each team member understands his or her tasks before the meeting is adjourned • Ensure that tasks are equitably distributed Authors’ slide modified

7. Class Project Deliverables • The deliverables associated with the class project are essential to successfully completing the project • The class project is not merely a programming assignment • The deliverables result from completing tasks associated with analysis, design, implementation, and testing the class project Authors’ slide modified

8. Should we fix this bug or not? • Four questions when a bug is discovered • (Severity) When this bug happens, how bad is the impact? • (Frequency) How often does this bug happen? • (Cost) How much effort would be required to fix this bug? • (Risk) What is the risk of fixing this bug? http://software.ericsink.com/articles/Four_Questions.html

9. Severity and Frequency • The vertical axis is Severity.  • The top of the graph represents a bug with extremely severe impact:"This bug causes the user's computer to burst into flame." • The bottom of the graph represents a bug with extremely low impact:"One of the pixels on the splash screen is the wrong shade of gray." • The horizontal axis is Frequency.  • The right side represents a bug which happens extremely often:"Every user sees this bug every day." • The left side represents a bug which happens extremely seldom:"This bug only affects people who live in eastern Washington state and who have both Visual Studio 2003 and Visual Studio 2005 installed and it only happens during leap years on the day that daylight savings time goes into effect and only if the first day of that month was a Tuesday." http://software.ericsink.com/articles/Four_Questions.html

10. Mythical Man-Month • Main Ideas in “Mythical Man-Month” collection of essays • Mythical Man-Month • Second-system effect • IBM 7094360, the second system an engineer designs will be too ambitious, including way too much • Progress Tracking  • Question: How does a large software project get to be one year late? Answer: One day at a time! • Conceptual Integrity  • The Pilot System • Communication • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mythical_Man-Month

11. Software Crisis • "[The major cause of the software crisis is] that the machines have become several orders of magnitude more powerful! To put it quite bluntly: as long as there were no machines, programming was no problem at all; when we had a few weak computers, programming became a mild problem, and now we have gigantic computers, programming has become an equally gigantic problem." • Edsger Dijkstra: The Humble Programmer (PDF, 473Kb)

12. Waterfall Model of Software Life Cycle • Not the first iterative method • But the first paper to explain why to use the iterative method Figure from Barry Boehm88

13. Water Fall Model • Requirements analysis • Design • Implementation • Testing (validation) • Integration • maintenance • Reference • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_process

14. Requirements Analysis • Software requirements analysis is the activity of eliciting, analyzing, and recording requirements for software systems. • 1 Eliciting Requirements • 2 Analyzing Requirements • 3 Recording Requirements

15. Software testing • Software testing is the process used to help identify the correctness, completeness, security and quality of developed computer software. • testing can never completely establish the correctness of arbitrary computer software. • computability theory, a field of computer science, an elegant mathematical proof concludes that it is impossible to solve the halting problem • Categories of Testing Techniques • Black box vs white or clear box • Functional vs Structural (refinement of the black vs white)

16. Capability Maturity Model Integration • Capability Maturity Model (CMM now CMMI) is a collection of instructions an organization can follow with the purpose to gain better control over its software development process. • The CMM ranks software development organizations in a hierarchy of five levels, each with a progressively greater capability of producing quality software. • Chaos 75% fall organizations here. • . • . • . • . http://www.sei.cmu.edu/cmmi/general/general.html

17. Current trends in software engineering • Aspects • Agile • Software architectures • Software Product lines

18. Agile Software Development • We follow these principles: • Our highest priority is to satisfy the customerthrough early and continuous deliveryof valuable software. • Welcome changing requirements, even late in development. Agile processes harness change for the customer's competitive advantage. • … • Reference: http://agilemanifesto.org/principles.html

19. Requirements Analysis • A requirement is a feature of the system • Requirements analysis seeks to assess and specify the behavior of the final system • Requirements analysis can be iteratively carried out or done in a top-down fashion • It is desirable to establish the breadth of behavior of a system to determine the primary classes that will comprise the system • Reference: • Most requirements analysis slides are from authors

20. The Importance of Requirements Analysis • Frederick Brooks: “The hardest single part of building a software system is deciding precisely what to build” • Barry Boehm: by investing more up-front effort in verifying and validating the software requirements, software developers will see reduced integration and test costs, as well as higher software reliability and maintainability

21. Examples of Good Requirements Analysis • Participatory analysis • Involves staff members of all levels from the domain area interacting directly with the development team • Negotiation-based technique • Developed by USC Center for Software Engineering • Collaborative analysis approach involving end-users

22. Requirements Specification • Requirements analysis results in a complete, consistent, correct, and unambiguous requirements specification • The initial specification may be created by the end users or by the technical staff • Independent of the source of the initial specification it must be refined and verified to be correct and complete

23. Possible Elements of Requirements Specification • Supported activity list • Human-computer interface description • solved problem list • Information source list • Information requesting organization list • Checks and balances • Security and fault-tolerant requirements

24. More: Possible Elements of Requirements Specification • Inter-operating systems list • Estimates of present information capacity and projected growth • Project time frame • Prioritization of requirements • Ethical concerns list

25. Case Study: Library Management System • Independent of who creates the requirements specification (end users or technical staff), it is the responsibility of the system developers to ensure the user requirements are adequately fleshed out • The first step of requirements analysis is to establish and refine the problem statement which takes the form of the requirements specification

26. LMS Case Study: Clarifying the Requirements Specification • What sort of human-computer interface is envisioned? • What sort of search facility is necessary for library patrons? • Will patrons be assigned a unique ID number? • Should the system support inter-library loan requests?

27. LMS Case Study: More Clarifying the Requirements Specification • Are there any limits on patrons’ use of research databases? • How are books retired from the library collection? • How long are requested books held for patrons? • Are overdue fees the same for all type of library resources? • Which online databases will the system interact with?

28. Creating Quality Requirements Specifications • The key is to keep in close communication with the end users throughout the development process, but especially during requirements analysis • Ideally, a whole array of different end users should be involved with the development team to gain sufficient breadth of input

29. LMS Case Study: Supported Activity List • Support Library staff activities like checking out resources to patrons • Validating patrons • Current membership • No resources more than two weeks overdue • Not over maximum of checked resources • Assigning library numbers to patrons

30. LMS Case Study: More Supported Activity List • Deleting expired library numbers and associated patron records • Checking out library resources: books,CDs, etc • Checking in library resources • Changing the status of a library resource • Allowing materials to be placed on reserve • Allowing the searching of the library’s holdings on line • Additional activities listed in text

31. Other Elements of the LMS Requirements Specification • Human-computer interface • Solved problems list • Information source list • Information requesting organizations • Automated checks and balances • Security and fault-tolerant requirements • Present information capacity and projected growth

32. More Elements of the LMS Requirements Specification • Projected time frame • Prioritization of requirements • Ethical concerns • Who has access of borrowing history of patrons? • How are children protected from questionable materials found on the Internet?

33. Verifying Requirements • A structured walkthrough with the end users is a good technique for ensuring that the user needs are being addressed • To ensure that the resulting software supports the requirements specification, items on the supported activity list are numbered and propagated through the software models and source code

34. The Process of Requirements Analysis • Create verified requirements specification • Create list of primary classes • Create informal scenarios • Create use cases • Create scenarios • Create class diagrams • Create use case diagrams

35. Identifying Use Cases • A use case is a description of a scenario (or closely related set of scenarios) in which the system interacts with users of the system • The behavior of the system is expressed without specifying how the behavior is implemented • Use cases are initially described narratively, and then modeled graphically by class diagrams and interaction diagrams (to be discuss later) • Informal scenarios are a good starting point for use cases

36. Characteristics of Use Cases • Use cases are more abstract than informal scenarios • A single use case may encompass multiple scenarios • Use cases avoid redundancy • Use cases are more formally structured than scenarios • Use cases seek to capture complete breadth of system behavior

37. Use Case Layout • Precondition • What conditions must be true at the beginning of the use case? • Main flow of events • Describe the essential behavior associated with the use case • Post condition • What occurs as a result of the use case executing • Exceptional flow of events ( zero to many) • Enumerate possible erroneous flow of events

38. LMS Case Study: Use Cases • Validate patron • Check out resource • Check in resource • Request resource • Reserve resource • Manage Resource • Manage Patron • Generate from letter

39. LMS Case Study: Check out Resource Use Case • Precondition • Library staff and patron validated to LMS • Library DB initialized • Main flow of events • Enter resource • Determine due date • Exceptional flow of events • Patron ID not valid • Patron has over due resources or too many checked • Resource number not valid

40. More LMS Case Study: Check out Resource Use Case • Postcondition • Patron DB entry updated to reflect new resource • Resource DB entry updated to reflect changed status: checked out • Due date assigned to the resource DB entry

41. Scenario Development • Scenarios are derived from use cases • Scenarios are like informal scenarios, but are more formally structured • Informal scenarios may be modified to produce scenarios • Use cases are abstract because they do not reference specific values • Scenarios are concrete because they do referencespecific values • Multiple scenarios may be required for a single use case

42. UML Use Case Diagrams • Use case diagrams depict use cases interacting with external actors • External actors are entities that interact with the software system, like system users, databases, or books • Use cases represent system requirements and show a functional partitioning of the system • Functional partitioning is useful for a dividing a system into smaller pieces

43. Notational Elements of Use Case Diagrams Actor Use case Use casename Relationships: Association Generalization Dependency

44. LMS Case Study: Use Case Diagram BrowseResource RequestResource ReserveResource Patron Resource

45. Steps in UCCD Analysis Process • Create/refine requirements specification • Create informal scenarios • Create list of primary classes • Create use cases • Create scenarios from use cases • Create class diagrams showing basic inter-class relationships • Model key class collaborations • Create use case diagrams