1 / 198

陕西师范大学

陕西师范大学. 执 教: 陈 瑛. 世界地理. Shi jie di li. 第七章欧洲. exit. next. 第七章 欧 洲. 第一节 欧洲自然地理概述 第二节 欧洲人文地理概述 第三节 欧洲主要国家. exit. Chapter 7 Europe. Section 1 Physical geography summarize of Europe Section 2 Human geography summarize of Europe

ayanna
Download Presentation

陕西师范大学

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. 陕西师范大学 执 教:陈 瑛 世界地理 Shi jie di li

  2. 第七章欧洲 exit next

  3. 第七章 欧 洲 第一节 欧洲自然地理概述 第二节 欧洲人文地理概述 第三节 欧洲主要国家 exit

  4. Chapter 7 Europe Section 1 Physical geography summarize of Europe Section 2 Human geography summarize of Europe Section 3 Main European countries exit

  5. 第一节 欧洲自然地理概述 一、欧洲自然地理环境 二、区域性人地关系基本问题 exit next

  6. Section 1 Physical geography summarize of Europe 一、European physical geography environment 二、Basical promble of Territorial man-land relationship exit next

  7. 一、欧洲自然地理环境 (一)地理位置 欧洲的经纬度位置。 以欧洲大陆而言,大部分地区都位于36°~71°08′N,66°10′E~9°34′W之间。 欧洲大陆大部分位于北温带,位于寒带的面积也不大,这样的纬度位置成为欧洲以温带气候为主的气候特征的基础。 欧洲的海陆位置和洲际位置。欧洲大陆位于亚欧大陆的西部,东以乌拉尔山脉-乌拉尔河-里河-大高加索山脉-黑海海峡同亚洲分界,北临北冰洋,西濒大西洋,有白海、巴伦支海、挪威海、北海、比斯开湾、地中海等边缘海包围。欧洲地处大陆西岸,三面为海洋环抱,形似亚欧大陆向西伸出的一大半岛,使大西洋和西风环流对欧洲气候具有深刻的影响。 exit next

  8. 一、European physical geography enviroment (一)Geography location European latitude and longtitude location. For European continent,most area lies between 36°~71°08′N,66°10′E~9°34′W. Most European continent lies the north temperate zone,only a few continent lies the figid zone,the latitude location is the base of European climate characterized temperate. European sea-land location and intercontinental location.European continent lies the west of Eurasian plant,with its three sides surrounded by sea,just like a protruding island of Eurasian plant,so it has made the Atlantic west wind circumfluence has far-reaching effects towards European climate. exit next

  9. (二)大陆轮廓及地形特征 • 水平轮廓破碎、大陆东宽西窄、多半岛、岛屿和内海、边缘海是欧洲自然地理的一大特点。 • 欧洲的地形特征是平原为主、冰川地貌突出。 exit next

  10. (二)Continent outline and topographic feather • Horizontal outline fragmentate、east wide and west narrow、lots of Peninsula、island and inland sea、marginal sea,all mentioned above is the main charactic of physical geography. • European topographic feather is main plain、typical glacial landform. exit next

  11. 欧洲全图 exit next

  12. (三)气候特征 欧洲大部分地区的气候属于温带气候,海洋性显著。温带海洋性气候和地中海式气候典型是其主要特征。 欧洲的主要气候类型区包括; (1) 极地冰原气候区。 (2) 极地长寒气候区。 (3) 亚寒带大陆性气候区。 (4) 温带海洋性气候区。 (5) 温带大陆性气候区。 (6) 亚热带夏干气候区。 (7) 高山气候区。 exit next

  13. (三)Climate feather Most European countries are temperate climate,marked oceangraphy.Its main characteristic is warm maritime climate and Mediterranean type of climate. Main climate type zone in Europe: (1) Polar firn climate zone (2) Polar long cold climate zone (3) Sub-cold continental climate zone (4) Warm maritime climate zone (5) Warmcontinental climate zone (6) Subtropical dry climate zone (7) Alp climate zone exit next

  14. (四)河流与湖泊 1、 河流   欧洲河流众多、水量比较充分,多国际性大河。欧洲具有河流多、河网密、水量丰富、分水岭不高、通航里程长等特征。长度在1 000km以上的河流有伏尔加河、多瑙河、乌拉尔河、第聂伯河、顿河、伯朝拉河、莱茵河、北德维纳河、易北河、卢瓦尔河、维斯瓦河等。其中,经济意义最大的是莱茵河、多瑙河和伏尔加河。 exit next

  15. (四)River and lake 1、River There are many rivers in Europe、full of water quantity,most of which is international rivers.Europe characterized many rivers、dense river net、full of water quantity、low dividing range、long navigation mileage etc.There are many rivers that with there longth above 1 000km.Among which,the greatest economic significance is Rhein、Donau and Volga River. exit next

  16. 2、 湖泊   欧洲大小湖泊广布,但以北欧和阿尔卑斯地区分布比较集中,由于欧洲湖泊的形成主要与第四纪冰川作用有密切关系,因此湖泊比较集中分布在第四大陆冰川中心斯堪的纳维亚半岛及其附近的北欧地区和山地冰川中心阿尔卑斯山区。 莱茵河 exit next

  17. 2、 Lake European lakes are widely distributed,But mainly in Nordic and Alps.Because the formation reason of European lakes mainly have close relationship with the forth glacial stage,Lakes are concentrated in the central of forth glacial stage Scandinavia and nearby north European district and central of mountain glacial Alps. Rhine exit next

  18. 二、区域性人地关系基本问题 自然环境和资源,是人类生存和发展的永恒基础。欧洲是率先大量开发利用自然资源并因此进入近现代社会的一洲,也是较早发生资源枯竭、环境被破坏的一洲,同时也是较早注重保护资源和环境并取得较好成效的一洲。 (一)自然资源评价 1、 土地资源及其利用 欧洲土地总面积1 016×104km2,占世界陆地面积6.8%,是仅大于大洋洲的世界第六大洲。但其人口总数(1998/1999年7.4亿)却占世界的12.3%,人口密度约为72/km2,仅低于亚洲,是世界上人口分布比较稠密,人均拥有土地资源(1.4hm2/人)较少的一洲。 exit next

  19. 二、Basical Territorial man-land relationship Europe is one of the first in developping and exploiting natural resources,and so become a contemporary modern society,and also the earliest continent that has depletion of resources、environment deterioration,and also the earliest continent that pay attention to conservation of resourances and environment and has accieved better results. (一)Natural resourances evaluation 1、 Land resourances and its utilization Europe covers an area of1 016×104km2,accounting for 6.8% of the world’s land area,is the sixth largest continent of the world.It’s a continent of dense population,little average amount of land resources(1.4hm2/people). exit next

  20. 2、 矿产资源 欧洲矿产资源比较丰富,主要有石油、天然气、煤、铁、锰、镍、钾盐、铜、钨、铅锌、铝土等。 3、 生物资源  欧洲的植物资源丰富多样。欧洲自然植被以森林为主。   欧洲动物种类比较贫乏,大致可以分为苔原动物、温带森林动物、草原动物和亚热带森林动物四个类型。 4、 淡水资源 欧洲淡水资源丰富。   欧洲蕴藏着丰富的水力资源。 exit next

  21. 2、 Mineral resourances Europe are abundant in mineral resourances. 3、 Biotic resourances Botanical resourances are rich and varied in Europe.Its natural vegetation is mainly forests. Animal species are short in Europe. 4、 Freshwater resourances Europe is abundant in freshwater resourances. Europe flows with abundant water resourances. exit next

  22. (二)欧洲的资源环境开发与保护 总的来说,欧洲的自然资源比较丰富,自然资源比较优越,有利于人类生存和发展。   但是,进入工业革命时期后,欧洲率先揭开了人类大肆砍伐森林、开发工业矿产资源和污染环境的序幕。 二战后,随着社会经济的发展,特别是世界人口的增加,资源和环境问题开始突出,作为发达国家分布集中的欧洲率先认识到问题的严重性:人类的生存和发展必须以自然为基础,人与自然对立的关系应当改变为人与自然和谐相处的相互依存关系。第三、第四次科技革命为人类节约资源、保护资源环境提供了技术可能和经济可行性。在欧洲,从20世纪70年代以来便开始了降低消耗自然资源的过程,特别是欧洲发达国家重视提高资源的利用率和重复利用,由此推动社会经济的持续发展。 exit next

  23. (二)Resourances environment exploitation and protection in Europe Generally speaking,natural resourances in Europe is abundant,the superiority of natural environment is good for survival and development of human. But,after the Industrial Revolution,Europe firstly started to chop down forest、exploitate industry mineral resourances. After the Second World War,As the development of social economic,especially the increase of world population,resourances and environment problem have bacame serious,as a concentrated place of developping countries,Europe firstly realized the serious of the problem.In Europe,it had reduced the expenditure of natural resourances since 1970s,especially the European developping countries attach importance to raise the utilization rate of resourances and its reuse,Hence pushing the sustainable development of social economic. exit next

  24. 第二节 欧洲人文地理概述 一、欧洲的人口、民族与文化 二、欧洲政治地图的演变 三、欧洲近现代经济的形成与扩散 四、欧洲现代经济地域格局 五、 欧洲经济一体化 exit next

  25. Section 2 European human geography summarize 一、Population、nationality and culture of Europe 二、Process of political map in Europe 三、The formation and spread of mordern economic in Europe 四、Mordern economic pattern in Europe 五、European economic integration exit next

  26. 一、欧洲的人口、民族与文化 (一)欧洲人口地理特征 欧洲总人口现已达7.41亿(2000年),是目前仅次于亚洲、非 洲的世界人口较多的大洲。 1、 人种构成以白种人为主,人口增长缓慢。 2、 人口密度较大,而且分布不均匀。 3、 人口问题:人口老龄化,劳动力不足。 (二)欧洲的民族与民族问题 1、 欧洲民族及其分布 2、 欧洲的民族问题 exit next

  27. 一、Population、nationality and culture of Europe (一)European population geography feather The total population of Europe has reached 741 million(2000年),It ranks the third of the world continients which is following these of Asia and Africa. 1、 Population composition is mainly white person,and the growth of population is slow. 2、 High population density,and unevenly distribution 3、 Population problem:population aging,shortage of labour. (二)European nationality and nationality problem 1、 European nationality and its distribution 2、 European nationality problem exit next

  28. (三)欧洲文化地理特征 1、 欧洲的语言及其分布   欧洲的语言种类众多,主要属于印欧语系、乌拉尔语系、阿尔泰语系以及闪-含语系和独立语系(见表),其中印欧语系是最大的语系。 exit next

  29. (三)European cultural geography feather 1、 European languages and its distribution European languages have different types,mainly belongs to Indo-European family、Uralic family、Altaic family and Semitic family and independence family(see table),Among which the Indo-European family is the largest. exit next

  30. 2、 欧洲的科技 欧洲是近、现代科学和技术的发源地,第一、第二次科技革命的摇篮。近代以来,欧洲在科学理论研究和技术发明方面居于世界的前列。 exit next

  31. 2、 European technology Europe is the cradle of mordern science and technology,also the cradle of First and Second Scientific Revolution.Recently,Europe is in the front ranks in scientific throry research and technology invention. exit next

  32. 3、 欧洲的宗教及其分布 基督教是欧洲的主要宗教。   基督教各派在欧洲分布的主要格局是:天主教徒主要分布在西欧、南欧、中欧;新教徒大多集中在英国、丹麦、挪威、瑞典、芬兰、冰岛;东正教徒主要集中在东南欧;俄罗斯则主要分布俄罗斯东正教会。 4、 欧洲文化对世界的影响 欧洲文化对世界的影响主要表现为: (一)欧洲的一些民族语言成为世界性语言,像英语和西班牙语。 exit next

  33. 3、 European religion and its distribution Christian is the main religion in Europe. The Christian distribution pattern in Europe is:Catholic is mainly in western Europe、southern Europe、Middle European;Protestant is mainly in England、Denmark、Norway、Swedish、Finland、Iceland;Eastern Orthodoxy is mainly in southeastern Europe;Russian is mainly Eastern Orthodox Church. 4、 The world influence of European culture The world influence of European cultue is: (一)Some European nationality languages havue became international language,just like English and Spanish. exit next

  34. (二)欧洲近现代自然科学理论和生产管理技术逐渐 扩散到全球,推动了世界文明的进程,使人类进 入了近现代社会。 (三)欧洲不仅产生了资产阶段,而且是马克思主义 的故乡,并且把资本主义的市场经济和社会主义 的计划经济扩散到全世界。 (四)欧洲的生活方式、宗教、音乐、美术和竞技体 育的许多项目传播到世界各地,被人们普遍接受 和采用。 因此,近代以来欧洲文明的扩散,导致了世界时代的跃 迁。 欧洲文明对世界的影响,至今依然重要。 exit next

  35. (二)European modern natural scientific theory and technology for both production and management have generallyspreaded all over the world,to improve the world civilization,and then inter into the modern society. (三)Europe is not only emerges bourgeoisie,but also is the native land of Marxist,and make the market economy of bourgeoisie and planned economy of socialist spread all over the world. (四)The life style、religion、music、art and athletic have spreaded to the world, accepted and adoped. Hence,the spread of European culture ,led to a big leap of world times. The influence of European civilization is still important nowadays. exit next

  36. 二、欧洲政治地图的演变 (一) 前资本主义时期欧洲的政治地图 1、 奴隶社会时期欧洲的政治地图 克里特岛是古代爱琴海文化的发源地。约公元前2500年左右,克里特由新石器时期进入金石并用时代,开始向奴隶制社会过渡;到公元前2000年,克里特岛出现了欧洲最早但是奴隶制国家,到公元前17-16世纪达到繁盛时期。   希腊人的祖先来自东欧,古希腊文明的一个重要中心是迈锡尼,约在公元前1600-公元前1450年,希腊部落迈锡尼人建立了奴隶制国家,其势力可以和克里特相抗衡。 exit next

  37. 二、Process of political map in Europe (一) European political map of pre-capitalist period 1、 European political map of slavery society period Chris island is the cradle of ancient Aegean civilization. About 2500 BC,Chris began to transite to slavery society;in 2000 BC,Chris island emerged the earliest slave society in Europe,and reached its peak in 17-16 BC. About 1600 BC-1450 BC, Greek tribe Mycenaean founded a slave society,it can against with Chris. exit next

  38. 希腊荷马时代大约在公元前1000——公元前700年间。荷马时代之后,希腊各地奴隶制城邦国家约有200多个、它们以一城为中心,包括附近若干村落,形成国小民寡的城市(邦)国家,其中最重要的是希腊中部的雅典、南部的科林斯和斯巴达、小亚细亚的米利都等。   古罗马是古代欧洲经济文化发达的另一个代表和扩散源,古罗马是对古希腊文明的继承和弘扬光大。 2、 封建社会时期欧洲的政治地图 西法兰克国即法国。 东法兰克国即德国。 意大利长期处于分裂之中。   不列颠群岛的原住居民是凯尔特人,盎格鲁-撒克逊人等日耳曼部落从5世纪中叶起由欧洲渡海侵入并建立了许多小国。 exit next

  39. Greek Homeric Age is about 1000 BC——700 BC. After Homeric Age,Greek slavery city-state have about more than 200,Among which the most important are Athens in central Greek, Clis and Sparta in the north、Miletus of Asia Minor etc. Roman is another representative of the prosperity of ancient European economic culture,Rome is the development of ancient Greece civilization. 2、 European political map of feudal society West Frank is France East Frank is German Italy remains disunited under long years The inhabitant of British Isles are Celtic,Anglo-Saxon etc.Germanic tribes sailed here and founded many small counties. exit next

  40. (二) 资本主义时期欧洲的政治地图 1、 欧洲的资产阶级革命 资产阶级革命为资本主义生产力发展扫除了思想政治障碍,为确立资本主义政治制度奠定了基础。英国和法国的资产阶段革命都程度不同地起到了这个作用。英国资产阶段革命开始于1640年,结束于1688年,最终确立了资产阶级的君主立宪制,成为人类社会进入资本主义社会的标志,为英国乃至欧洲资本主义的发展奠定了基础。其实,对欧洲和世界影响最大的还是法国的资产阶级大革命。 exit next

  41. (二) European political map of capitalist period 1、 European bourgeois revolution Bourgeois revolution removed all the thought disorders for the development of capitalist productivity,which laid the foundation of capitalist political system. England capitalist revolution started at 1640,and ended in 1688.and finally established constitutional monarchy,and became a mark of human tansition to capitalist society. exit next

  42. 欧洲资产阶级革命一直持续到19世纪,柏林、布拉格、布达佩斯、科隆、巴黎、维也纳、罗马、威尼斯、那不勒斯等地都是革命运动的重要中心。特别是德意志1848年力求建立统一的资产阶级共和国的革命、奥地利人民要求废除封建关系、建立民族独立国家的革命和1861年沙俄自上而下废除农奴制度的革命等,对欧洲政治地图的变化都产生着重要影响。欧洲资产阶级革命一直持续到19世纪,柏林、布拉格、布达佩斯、科隆、巴黎、维也纳、罗马、威尼斯、那不勒斯等地都是革命运动的重要中心。特别是德意志1848年力求建立统一的资产阶级共和国的革命、奥地利人民要求废除封建关系、建立民族独立国家的革命和1861年沙俄自上而下废除农奴制度的革命等,对欧洲政治地图的变化都产生着重要影响。 exit next

  43. Europeancapitalist revolution lasted to 19th century,many places are the important center of revolutionary movements,especially the German Revolution of 1848、Austrian Revolution about establish national independence country and Russia Revolution in 1861 about abolishing the feudal serf,has important influence to European political map. exit next

  44. 2、 第一次世界大战政治地图的变化 19世纪初期,沙皇俄国、普鲁士、奥匈帝国和法国是欧洲大陆上的主宰。 英国在18世纪就由于在率先完成工业革命而成为一 个强大的国家。 法国到1870年成为仅次于英国的世界第二工业大国。 沙俄以东欧为基础,不断对外发动战争,从其临国, 特别是其东方临国那里掠取土地。 3、 两次世界大战时期欧洲政治地图的变化 exit next

  45. 2、 Changes of political map during the First World War Early 19th century,czarist Russia、Prussia、 Austro-Hungrian Empire and Franch dominate the European continent. England became a super country in 18th century because it firstly completed the Industry Revolution. France become the second industry country of the world in 1870. On the basis of eastern Europe, Russia constantly made war on its neighbours, especially its eastern Neighbour country, plundering land from them. 3、 Changes of political map during the Second World War exit next

  46. (三) 第二次世界大战以后欧洲的政治地图 1、 战后到20世纪80年代欧洲政治地图变化 其主要政治事件分为两个方面:第一,根据波茨坦协定,欧洲有关国家的疆界发生了重要变化;第二,欧洲出现了以苏联为首的社会主义国家和在美国支持下的欧洲资本主义国家两大集团对峙的格局。 exit next

  47. (三) European political map after the Second World War 1、 Changes of European political war from the Second World War to 1980s There are two aspect of political events:Firstly,According to the Potsdam Agreement, boundaries of some European countries changed a lot;Secondly,Europe develops a confronted pattern of socialist countries, headed by the Soviet Union, and European capitalist countries, supported by American. exit next

  48. 2、 20世纪90年代初以来的欧洲政治地图 欧洲是世界上20世纪90年代初以来的政治地图变化最剧烈的地区,主要表现在四个方面。第一,社会主义制度崩溃;第二,独立国家数量由90年代前的33个猛增到90年代后的43个;第三,中欧政治地图变化显著;第四,“欧洲经济共同体”和“北大西洋公约组织”不断发展壮大,是欧洲经济政治一体化、军事防务一体化的主要形式,而经济互助委员会、华沙条约组织则于1991年6月和7月分别解散,成为了历史。

  49. 2、 European political map since early 1990s Changes of Political map in Europe is the greatest since early 1990s,mainly cover four areas: Firstly,socialist system collapse;Secondly,the number of independence countries uprushed from 33 before 1990s to 43 after 1990s;Thirdly,Middle Europe political map changed noticeably;fourthly,“European Economic Integration”and“North Atlantic Treaty Organization”are growing constantly. While Council for Mutual Economic Assistance、Warsaw Treaty Organization respectively disbanded in June and July of 1991,passed into history.

  50. 三、欧洲近现代经济的形成与扩散 (一)16-18世纪:欧洲城市手工业和商业的发展与资本原始积累 (二)18世纪-20世纪40年代:产业革命与欧洲近现代经济的形成与扩散 四、欧洲现代经济地域格局 第二次世界大战后迄今,欧洲一直是世界经济发展水平最高、发达国家最为集中的地区之一。欧洲保持了战后世界经济中心之一的地位。二战后欧洲经济格局的变化,可以大致分为两个时期: exit next

More Related