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LITERATURE

LITERATURE. FICTION. TYPES of FICTION. Fable – brief story usually with animal characters that teaches a lesson or moral Fantasy – highly imaginative writing that contains elements not found in real life

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LITERATURE

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  1. LITERATURE

  2. FICTION

  3. TYPES of FICTION • Fable – brief story usually with animal characters that teaches a lesson or moral • Fantasy – highly imaginative writing that contains elements not found in real life • Folk tale – composed orally and passed on by word of mouth; meant to entertain; often deals with heroes, adventure, magic • Historical – real events, people, or places are used in a made-up story

  4. Legend – widely told story about the past; may or may not have foundation in fact • Myth – explains the actions of gods or heroes or the origins of the elements of nature • Novel – long work of fiction having all elements in a plot outline • Science fiction – combines elements of fiction and fantasy with scientific fact • Short story – brief work of fiction having all elements in a plot outline

  5. Realistic – Events and characters could all be real.

  6. PLOT OUTLINE PLOT • A sequence of events • Involves a conflict or problem • Builds to a climax – point of greatest tension • Conclusion – resolves the conflict

  7. CHARACTERS • People, animals, or other beings that take part in the action • Character traits revealed through: • Actions • Words • What others say

  8. SETTING • Time and place of story’s action • Customs and beliefs of the time period

  9. THEME • An insight into life • Stated directly by author • Implied or suggested by author • Consider meaning of title • Examine how characters solve problems • Examine passages that convey strong emotions

  10. POINT of VIEW • Vantage point from which a story is told • 1st person – told by a character who uses pronoun “I” • 3rd person limited – the narrator relates the thoughts and feelings of one character; everything viewed from this perspective • 3rd person omniscient – narrator knows and tells about what each character feels and thinks

  11. NONFICTION

  12. AUTOBIOGRAPHY • A story of a person’s life, written by that person – a prose narrative • Shares characteristics with fiction • Point of view, setting, theme • Purpose • Explain personal values • Teach a life lesson • Entertain • Tell how one developed

  13. BIOGRAPHY • Author tells the story of someone else’s life - a prose narrative • Shares characteristics of fiction • Plot, setting, theme • Purpose • Teach a life lesson • Entertaining • Special emphasis on explaining causes and effects of subject’s actions

  14. EXPOSITORY • Presents and explains information • Used when exchange of accurate information is important • Directions • Warranties • Maps • Contracts • Definitions

  15. ESSAY • Brief prose work about a particular subject • Reflective – explores an author’s thought about ideas or experience • Narrative – tells the story of actual events • Descriptive – presents people, situations, or places, appeals to the senses • Persuasive – tries to convince readers to think or act in a certain way

  16. POETRY

  17. LYRIC • Expresses thoughts and feelings • Elegy – solemn and formal poem about death • Diamante – 5 line poem about opposites • Haiku – 3 line poem about nature • Ode – formal poem with a serious theme; often to honor people or events • Sonnet – 14 line poem with a single theme; written in iambic pentameter • Pentrarchan or Italian – abba-abba-cde-cde • Shakespearean or Elizabethan – abab-cdcd-efef-gg

  18. CONCRETE • Its shape suggests the subject matter • Lines or verses arranged to create a picture

  19. LIMERICK • Humorous, rhyming, five-line poem • Rhyme scheme – aabba • Meter – 3 stresses in lines 1, 2, 5 2 stresses in lines 3, 4

  20. NARRATIVE • A story told in verse • Has characters, conflict, and plot • Ballad • Songlike poem that tells a story • Often deals with adventure and romance • Most written in 4 – 6 line stanzas • Regular rhythm and rhyme scheme • Often has a refrain

  21. EPIC • Long narrative poem about the adventures of a god or hero • Serious in tone • Broad in theme • Connected to history of a nation, race or religion

  22. SONNET • 14 line lyric poem with a single theme • Usually written in iambic pentameter • Two types • Italian • First 8 lines – abba abba *asks a question or states a problem • Next 6 lines – cde cde * answers a question or solves a problem • Shakespearean • 3 four line quatrains & concluding couplet • – abab cdcd, efef, gg • Couplet summarizes previous 12 lines

  23. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

  24. SIMILE Comparison using like or as METAPHOR Comparison not using like or as PERSONIFICATION Giving human qualities to something not human

  25. ALLITERATIONRepetition of initial consonant sounds ONOMATOPOEIA Words that sound like what they mean IDIOM An expression whose meaning is not taken literally HYPERBOLE An exaggeration

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