En Español I

1. En Español I 4-2 Notes Stem-changing verbs (o-ue), (e-i), D.O.P., I.O.P., T ú Commands

2. Stem-changing verbs are verbs where there is the a spelling change in some of the forms of the verb. • There is only one verb in Spanish that changes (u-ue). • The four types of stem changers are (u-ue), (e-ie), (o-ue) and (e-i) Stem-changing Verbs

3. Almorzar (o-ue)– To eat lunch Yo almuezo Nosotros almorzamos I eat lunch We eat lunch Tú almuerzas Vosotros (as) almorzáis You (fam.) eat lunch You all (fam.) eat lunch Él /Ella/ Ud. almuerza Ellos (as)/ Uds. almuerzan /You(for.) eat lunch He/She They/You all(for.) eat lunch Notice that the forms in the shaded sections of the verb chart change (o-ue) but the forms outside the shaded area do not. Also, notice that the shaded sections look like a boot! Sometimes stem-changing verbs are called boot verbs because of this look.

4. Servir (e-i) – to serve Remember: When you combine two verbs together, the first verb in conjugated and the second verb is in the infinitive. Ex. Yopiensojugartenis. I plan to play tenis.

5. Stem-changing verbs (cont.) There are many verbs that change (e-ie): • Cerrar – to close • Comenzar – to start • Empezar – to begin • Entender – to understand • Merendar – to have (eat) a snack • Pensar – to think/plan • Perder – to lose • Preferir – to prefer • Querer – to want

6. Stem-changing verbs (cont.) There are many verbs that change (o-ue): • Almorzar– to eat lunch • Contar – to count, to tell or retell • Costar – to cost • Devolver – to return an item • Dormir – to sleep • Encontrar – to find, to meet • Poder – to be able to, can • Recordar – to remember • Volver – to return, to come back (done by a person, thing)

7. Stem-changing verbs (cont.) Here are some verbs that change (e-i): • Decir– to say, to tell (also a –go verb) • Pedir – to ask for, to order (food) • Repetir – to repeat • Seguir – to continue, to follow (sigo, sigues, sigue, segimos, siguen) • Servir – to serve • Only one verb changes (u-ue): • Jugar – to play (sports or games)

8. Stem-changing verbs (cont.) The vowel that changes in the verb must be in the stem of the verb. Ex: Repetir has three syllables. Re – is the prefix -pe- is the stem and –tir is the suffix. Rule: When a verb has three syllables, it is always the middle (or second-to-last syllable) that is the stem. When you have two syllables, it is the first (or second-to-last syllable) that is the stem.

9. Direct Object Pronouns • The direct object (D.O.) in a sentence receives the direct action of the verb. It answers one of two questions: 1) Who? or 2) What? • Ex. I eat the hamburger. I is the subject, eat is the verb and the hamburger is the D.O. answering the question- What do I eat? • Ex. They invite the girls. They is the subject, invite is the verb and the girls is the D.O. answering the question- Who do they invite?

10. The D.O. in the sentence can be replaced by a direct object pronoun (D.O.P.) Ex. I eat it (the hamburger). They invite them (the girls). Direct Object Pronouns

11. Direct Object Pronouns • Rule: With a simple verb (como) the D.O.P. is placed before the conjugated verb. • Ex. I eat it (the hamburger). Yola como. • Ex. They invite us. Ellosnosinvitan.

12. Direct Object Pronouns • Rule: When you have a compound verb (quiero comer) the D.O.P. can be placed 1) before the conjugated verb (quiero) or 2) attached to the infinitive (comer) • Ex. I want to drink them (the soft drinks). • 1) Yolosquierobeber. 2) Yoquierobeberlos. • Ex. She plans to invite me. • 1)Ella mepiensainvitar. 2)Ella piensainvitarme.

13. I.O. are nouns that answer 1)To whom?, 2) To what?, 3)For whom?, 4)For what? I.O.P. are: me, te, le, nos, os, les (pink sheet) Notice: The pronouns are the same as D.O.P. except the third person. Indirect object pronouns

14. Indirect object pronouns • I.O.P. replace or accompany an I.O. • Ex. Rosa le comprauna olla a sumadre. – Rosa buys a pot for her mother. (¿Para quién?) • Ex. Rosa le comprauna olla. – Rosa buys a pot for her.

15. Indirect object pronouns • Since le and les can refer to different people, they are often used with • a + name, noun or pronoun • Rosa le comprauna olla a Eva • Rosa le comprauna olla a sumadre • Rosa le comprauna olla a ella

16. To tell someone you know, a younger person, or someone in your family what to do, use a Tú command. Regular Tú commands are the same as the él/ella form of the verb. Ex. Cantar – ¡Canta! Sing! Ex. Comer – ¡Come! Eat! Ex. Abrir - ¡Abre! Open! Regular Tú Commands

17. Irregular Tú Commands • Decir- Di • Hacer- Haz • Poner- Pon • Salir - Sal • Venir – Ven • Tener – Ten • Ir – Ve • Ser - Sé • Say/Tell • Make/Do • Put/Place • Leave/go out • Come • Have/Be • Go • Be

18. The Irregular Tú Command SongTo the tune of Row, Row, Row Your Boat • Di, Haz, Pon y Sal • Ven, Ten, Ve y Sé • These are irregular tú commands. • Learn them right away!

19. Negative Tú Commands To form the Negative Tú command, you must follow the formula: Yo form, drop – o, add opposite vowel, add –s, add No out front. Opposite Vowels: –ar = e -er,-ir = a Ex. Cantar canto-> cant-> cante-> cantes-> ¡No cantes! Ex. Comer como-> com-> coma-> comas-> ¡No comas! Ex. Abrirabro-> abr-> abra-> abras-> ¡No abras!

20. Negative Tú Commands (-car,-gar,-zar) With verbs ending in –car, -gar- and –zar, there are spell changes. Ex. Tocar (c->qu) toco-> toc-> toque-> toques-> ¡No toques! Ex. Jugar (g->gu) juego-> jueg-> juegue-> juegues-> ¡No juegues! Ex. Almorzar (z->c) almuerzo-> almuerz-> almuerce-> almuerces-> ¡No almuerces!

21. Irregular Negative Tú Commands • Dar • Estar • Ir • Ser • ¡No des! • ¡No estés! • ¡No vayas! • ¡No seas! Why do you think these four verbs are the only irregulars? They are the only yo forms in Spanish that don’t end in –o! They all end in –oy!

22. Commands with object pronouns When using an O.P. with an affirmative command, you must attach the O.P. to the end of the command. Usually this requires you to add an accent to the second to last syllable of the original command. (Not when command is one syllable) Ex. Eat it (the hamburger). ¡Cómela! Ex. Buy the pitcher for them. ¡Cómprales la jarra a ellos!

23. Commands with object pronouns When using an O.P. with a negative command, the O.P. goes between the No and the command. You do not need an accent for these commands. Ex. Don’t eat it (the hamburger)! ¡No la comas! Ex. Don’t buy the pitcherfor them! ¡No les compres la jarraa ellos!

24. ¡Gracias porsuatención! El fin