Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman

1. Psychology in Action (8e)byKaren Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Biological Foundations Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

2. Lecture Overview • Neural Bases of Behavior • Nervous System Organization • A Tour Through the Brain • Our Genetic Inheritance ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

3. Neuroscience: interdisciplinary field studying how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes Neural Bases of Psychology ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

4. Our nervous system consists of neurons (cells responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical information). Neural Bases of Psychology (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

5. Neural Bases of Psychology: The Structure of a Neuron ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

6. Neural Bases of Psychology: Neural Communication • Within a neuron, communication occurs through an action potential (neural impulse that carries information along the axon of a neuron). ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

7. Neural Bases of Psychology:Neural Communication (Continued) • Between neurons, communication occurs through transmission of neural information across a synapse by neurotransmitters(chemicals released by neurons that alter activity in other neurons). ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

8. Neural Bases of Psychology: Neural Communication (Continued) • Receiving neurons receive multiple messages from other neurons. These multiple messages then determine if an action potential occurs or not. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

9. Note how the axon terminals of sending neurons almost completely cover the cell body of the receiving neuron. Neural Bases of Psychology:Neural Communication (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

10. Neural Bases of Psychology: Applying Psychology to Everyday Life • Key neurotransmitters: • Serotonin • Acetylcholine (ACh) • Dopamine (DA) • Norepinephrine (NE) • Epinephrine (adrenaline) • GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) • Endorphins ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

11. Neural Bases of Psychology: Receptor Sites • Normal message • Blocked message (wrong shape) • Agonistic drugs mimic shape and enhance neurotransmitter • Antagonistic drugs fill the site and block neurotransmitter ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

12. Neural Bases of Psychology:How Hormones Affect Us • Endocrine System: collection of glands that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

13. Nervous System Organization • Central Nervous System (CNS):brain and spinal cord • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): all nerves and neurons connecting CNS to the rest of the body (subdivided into the somaticandautonomicnervous systems) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

14. Nervous System Organization ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

15. Nervous System Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain • Spinal Cord (transmits information into and out of the brain ) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

16. The spinal cord is also responsible for involuntary, automatic behaviors called reflexes. Nervous System Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

17. Nervous System Organization: Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • PNS connects CNS to the rest of the body and is subdivided into: • Somatic Nervous System (SNS): connects to sensory receptors and controls skeletal muscles • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): controls involuntary bodily functions and is further subdivided into: • Sympathetic Nervous System (arouses) • Parasympathetic Nervous System (calms) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

18. Nervous System Organization: • Anatomy and functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

19. A Tour Through the Brain ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

20. A Tour Through The Brain: Hindbrain • Three key structures of the hindbrain: • Medulla: life survival functions • Pons: respiration, movement, waking, sleeping, and dreaming • Cerebellum: coordination of fine muscular movements, balance, and some aspects of perception and cognition ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

21. A Tour Through The Brain (Continued) • Midbrain: collection of brain structures in the middle of the brain; coordinates movement patterns, sleep, and arousal • Reticular Formation: runs through the hindbrain, midbrain, and brainstem; screens incoming information and controls arousal ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

22. A Tour Through The Brain (Continued) • Forebrain: collection of upper-level brain structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system • Thalamus: relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex • Hypothalamus: responsible for emotions, drives, and regulating the body’s internal environment ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

23. Limbic System: interconnected group of forebrain structures involved with emotions, drives, and memory A Tour Through The Brain (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

24. A Tour Through The Brain: Cerebral Cortex • Cerebral Cortex: thin surface layer on the left and right cerebral hemispheres; regulates most complex behavior, including sensations, motor control, and higher mental processes ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

25. A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (Cont.) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

26. A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex • Frontal Lobes:receive and coordinate messages from other lobes; responsible for motor control, speech production, and higher functions, such as thinking, personality, emotion, and memory ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

27. A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (Cont.) • Parietal Lobes: located at the top of the brain directly behind the frontal lobes; responsible for interpreting bodily sensations • Temporal Lobes:located on each side of the brain above the ears; responsible for audition, language comprehension, memory, and some emotional control ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

28. A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (Cont.) • Occipital Lobes: located at the back of the brain; responsible for vision and visual perception ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

29. A Tour Through The Brain: Motor Cortex and Somatosensory Cortex ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

30. A Tour Through The Brain: Lateralization • The left and right hemispheres of your brain each specialize in particular operations. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)