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Introduction. Modern health care development ? expand and enhance nursing roles - maintain continuity of holistic care- promote health - prevent diseases ? advanced practice nursing emerges Favourable factors of nursesFirst contact
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1. Post-conference Sharing 2nd ICN International
Nurse Practitioner
Advanced Practice Nursing
Network Conference
Making the Future :
Practice, Policy and Partnerships
In Adelaide, Australia
Wong Lai King, Grace Wong, Judy Tin,
Elaine Mau, Fiona Ng, Sharon Lee
2. Introduction Modern health care development
? expand and enhance nursing roles
- maintain continuity of holistic care
- promote health
- prevent diseases
? advanced practice nursing emerges
Favourable factors of nurses
First contact & greatest proportion of care
Excel in e.g. health education and counselling, disease prevention, psychosocial care
Existence of experienced nursing workforce with advanced clinical and leadership competencies
3. Introduction Nurse Clinics Steering Committee, QEH
Facilitate best utilization of advanced clinical nurses potential
Build up the existing competencies
Take new initiatives
? to develop quality care across
boundaries
4. 2nd ICN International NP/APN Network Conference Aims
Enhance role development
Facilitate networking and sharing ideas
Theme
Making the future :
Practice, Policy and Partnerships
Sub-themes
Practice
Research
Education
Clinical governance
5. Areas Explored Explore issues on NP / APN
Clinical governance
Wong Lai King & Grace Wong
Clinical practice & professional issues
Judy Tin
Nurse-led clinics, hospital & community health services interface
Elaine Mau & Fiona Ng
Competencies & educational preparation
Sharon Lee
6. Our Aims of Visit : ICN Conference Advanced practice nursing
Increase awareness of global development
Share innovative ideas and explore related issues
Create networking
Expand horizons to facilitate future planning and actualization at work
7. Visit Itinerary 30 Oct 02 Educational visit
Joanna Briggs Institute
Department of Clinical Nursing, Adelaide University
Royal Adelaide Hospital
31 Oct to 2 Nov 02 ICN Conference
End of the day meetings (nocte) sharing and consolidation learning experiences among members
9. NP/APN in Global Perspectives Part 1 - definition, role development
A. International Council of Nurses ICN
B. American Academy of Nurse
Practitioner
C. Royal College of Nursing
D. Royal College of Nursing, Australia
E. Nursing Council of New Zealand
10. NP/APN in Global Perspectives Part 2 - summary
a. NP/APN Successful factors
b. Role development & implementation
c. Advantages of APN / NP
d. Outcome measures & evaluation of NP/APN
Part 3 - in Practice
a. nurse -led clinic
b. Nurse-Run Centre VS Doctor-Run Health Centre - London
c. NP in acute care setting
11. A. International Council of Nurses ICN World-wide - NP & APN roles
Def :
A nurse practitioner/ APN is a RN who has acquired the expert knowledge base, complex decision making skills and clinical competencies for expanded practice, the characteristics of which she is credentialed to practice. A master level is recommended for entry level.
12. A. ICN define NP/APN Characteristics 1. Educational - advanced level
- formal recognized program for NP
- formal licensure, registration, certification
2.Practice - prof autonomy, independent practice, caseload, adv health assessment, decision making skills, diagnostic reasoning skill, advanced clinical competency, provide consultation, recognized first point of contact
13. A. ICN - NP/APN regulatory mechanism - varies in country
1. Right to diagnose
2. Authority to prescribe medications
3. Authority to prescribe treatment
4. Authority to admit patient
5. Legislation to confer & protect the title NP/APN
6. Officially recognized title
14. B. American Academy of Nurse Practitioner APN - expert clinician in practice
APN includes
- Nurse practitioner NP
- Certified nurse-midwives CNM
- nurse anesthetist CRNA
- clinical nurse specialist CNS
15. B. AANP - NP roles NP - family, adult, pediatric, geriatric, women health, occupational health, emergency, neonatal and acute care
Practice - health promotion & maintenance, disease prevention, diagnosis and manage acute & chronic disease ( health & medical care)
16. B. AANP - NP practice Serves as
- primary care provider
- specialty care provider
- as consultant for individual, family, community in outpatient & inpatient settings
- Practice autonomously
- under Nurse Practice Act of the state
17. B. AANP - NP education - entry master degree
- clinical & educational course
- self-directed continue learning
- professional development
* maintain clinical competency
* core competency defined by NONPF
18. B. AANP - NP Prescribing - advocate unlimited prescriptive authority
- have adv education on pathophysiology, pharmacology
- to diagnose, prescribe, treatment within own specialty area
- 7 states plenary authority, others collaborative
- 2 states prescribe under Drs signature
19. B. AANP - Climate for NP - 30+ year of practice & research
- NP - cost-effective
- high quality care
- serve -low income urban
- rural communities
- cost containment environment-
NP effective, profitable way meet primary care
20. B. AANP - Standard of Practice 1. Assess health state, order Inx
2. Diagnosis -critical thinking
3. Treatment plan -EBP, test, medication, intervention, education, referral
4. Implement plan
5. F-UP & evaluate pat
6. Care priority- pat education, self-care, health, continue care, promote safe environment
7. Patient advocate
8. Quality assurance
9. NP roles- provider, mentor, educator, researcher, manager, consultant
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21. C. Royal College of Nursing Background
- 1992 RCN NP program
primary care NP - walk-in centres, A&E, minor injury units, acute/ chronic care
3000 NP in UK
Recognition
UKCC not define NP
NMC intend to identify NP
RCN RN with NP program is competent as NP
22. C. RCN - NP define Define NP
- RN
- specific course
at least first degree
Make prof autonomous decision
accountable Education
content of NP program ~ the core competency by NONPFaculties
23. C. RCN NP Practice L evel Primary Care NP
caseload shared with colleagues
Patient can consult NP / GP or both
Work care plan with patient
Wide Kn & skill + a specialist
Not Dr substitute
Complementary source of care Secondary Care NP
A&E, minor injuries unit, outpatient & inpatient
High autonomy
First point of contact
Have continuity of care
Holistic approach
24. C. RCN Autonomy in NP RN accountable for actions
NP accountable for actions
Need to have authority to make decision
Authority & autonomy derived from sound Kn base apply to practice
= high quality care
right to self-govern, make decision ~being accountable
Not independent practice
Collective work
Vulnerability = extent of NP able to acknowledge limitations
Overcome by meticulous pr, good recording, adeq education, self-assess, critical appraisal
25. C. RCN Practice Issues lack agreed definition in professional & legal levels
Insufficient comparison of diversity of roles
Difficult to compare level of competency only judged by the standard for the post not for the person in the post
? Educational preparation important to avoid negligence
No explicit description limit development of NP roles
Public not know NP do
26. C. RCN climate for NP government aim more nurse-led primary care
NHS- all patients able to see a primary care professional within 24 hr and a GP within 48 hr by 2004
nurse increasing leading & providing service in walk-in centers, minor injury unit, general practice
Need more education & training
Need legislation, need lobby, define NP roles to public
27. D. Royal College of Nursing Australia (RCNA) Definition - APN
- a level of nursing practice using extended and expanded skills, experience and knowledge in assessment, planning, implementation, diagnosis & evaluation of care
- post-graduate
- work as specialist/ generalist capacity
- work autonomously, accurate decision making
- basis for NP
28. E. Nursing Council of New Zealand In 2001 finalized policy for certifying NP.
Regulation for nurses prescribing in progress
Process for implementing NP needs partnership with profession, government, regulatory body
29. NP/APN Successful factors Finding the right pitch
developing appropriate education
collaborate & consult with multidisciplinary team
organizational climate to support nurses aspiring to become NP
30. Role development & implementation In UK
see to client population and check for greatest need
set up scope of practice
Tuition by doctors
develop structured program
select small & well chosen group of nurses
31. Role development & implementation Australia -project manager
Set up task force
advisory committee
community & practitioner consultation - indicate the need for NP
Nurses Act 2002
32. Advantages of APN / NP Increase flexibility in mode of health care delivery
Offer greater diversity in service
better manage and coordinate service
option for clients
Early/ improved access to service more cost-effective
improve continuity
reduced readmission
early health problem identification & intervention
improve career ladder
improve outcome
increase staff satisfaction
33. Outcome measures & evaluation of NP / APN Patient satisfaction
comparative data with medical colleagues
perception of patient with NP/GP
level of empowerment & participation of patients
Reduce waiting time
shorten LOS
improve healing rate
improve quality of life indicators
cost-saving - decrease visits
high patient & carer satisfaction
34. A general impression about the overseas experience in the implementation of Nurse-led Clinic / Services Country / Place Different places in the world had had different stages of development and implementation of nurse-led (NP and APN ) clinic / service.
Background The reasons to introduce or develop nurse-led clinic / services were related to service need, medical shortage and need of professional advancement as well.
Scope of practice Advancement of nursing practice was evident in these nurse-led clinics/ service, including :
n assessment, investigations - blood taking, ECG recording
n diagnosis, treatment +/- prescription
35. Mode of practice
n Mostly collaborative relationship with doctors and other health professionals
n Level of independence varied.
Source of clients walk-in (mostly), referral
Service set-up :
Ř Recruitment
n Nurses with certain clinical experience
Ř Training
n Received special training / education, mostly master level
Ř Develop guidelines n Protocols & Standards of practice were usually available for guidance and monitoring as well.
36. Service evaluation
n Patient satisfaction increased - speed and convenience of access improved
n Staff satisfaction improved -- increased autonomy, increased sense of control over work, strong sense of teamwork and job satisfaction.
Future challenges / opportunity
Different countries were facing different challenges, including :
n Continue to identify potential areas for development of NP/ APN services
n Develop succession plan for the existing nurse-led clinic / service
n Striving for recognition in statutory body
n Searching for legislation in various issues, such as licensure issue , nurse prescribing issues
n Anticipating financial issue
n Improving skills in e.g. physical assessment (adult & child), mental health
n Gaining and sustaining trust and acceptance both from the public and other health professionals.
37. Nurse-Run NHS Walk-In Centre VS A Doctor-Run Health Centre - London Teenagers and young adolescent preferred nurse-led centre,
children and elderly attended the physician-led centre.
Most of youth seek for emergency contraception methods
More acutely ill patients in GP than those of nurse practitioners.
nurse-led centre promoted nurses autonomy, job satisfaction, role enhancement, client satisfaction, and high quality of health care.
38. However, nurses were working at absolute limited skill and knowledge.
Nurse practitioners stressful - to assess patients within 15 min
limited feedback and skill mix from nursing leaders
Actually, patients showed little selectivity in choosing nurse-led or doctor-led services in South London.
Recommendation
> nurses need to
(i) strengthen the physical assessment and diagnostic skills
(ii) study the advanced education program
(iii) improve referral pathways
(iv) access clinical advice
(v) continuous education.
39. Nurse Practitioner in Acute Care Setting Background
pat from ICU has complex care needs
nurse & junior Dr not competent enough
long ICU stay & high readmission
created a post to bridge the gap
40. Nurse Practitioner in Acute Care Setting Case management
accept referrals
staff education
adm & discharge
order tests, therapeutic Rx - approved clinical guidelines Comprehensive assessment
consultation to medical
grief counselling
develop database for record of practice
41. Nurse Practitioner in Acute Care Setting Outcome measures
decrease LOS in ICU
reduced ICU readmission
early identify patient problem
improve support/ education to staff Overcome Barriers
collaboration & regular meetings
protocol driven guidelines
legitimate
support by key executive
42. Competencies Describe generic practice of nurses in advanced practice
Form a reference for
Development of guidelines & standards of practice
Curriculum development
Evaluation of practice & educational programs
43. Competencies Manage health / illness
Nurse-client relationship
Teaching function
Professional role
Influence health care delivery systems
Ensure quality of health care practice
Cultural competence
(NONPF 2001)
Articulate and advance nursing practice
Collaborative practice
Leadership and consultancy
Influence health / socioeconomic policies
Research inquiry into nursing practice
Prescribe interventions within scope of practice (Nursing Council, New Zealand 2001)
44. Education Historical perspective
No national strategy for training and implementation
NPs seem to take technical or medically related tasks
No officially recognized education programs
Education preparation varies few days in-service training to diploma program
45. Education Desirable NP/APN profile
Graduate preparation
Higher clinical and cognitive skills
Independent practice and autonomy
Effective collaborative practice
Role eclecticism
46. Education Characteristics of APNs education
Educational preparation at advanced level
Formal recognition of educational programs
Formal system of licensure, registration, certification and credentialing
(ICN 2002)
47. Education Current status
Demands of APN increases
Regulation on professional agenda
Disparity in educational preparation
Degree / master
Focus
Clinical specialty
Life course
Disease
Generic
Continuing education : workshops, seminars, conferences
48. Education Examples of content outlines
Therapeutic nursing care
Comprehensive physical assessment
Health & disease
History taking & clinical decision-making skills
Applied pharmacology & evidence-based prescribing
Care management
Research
Organizational, interpersonal & communication skills
Accountability including legal & ethical issues
49. Education Challenges of teaching advanced clinical skills
What are the appropriate skills ?
How to develop safe and competent APN ?
What are the valid & reliable assessment strategies ?
How to enhance APNs confidence ?
50. Issues Considered Fit for purpose (respond to service needs & competencies)
Maintain primacy of clinical practice
Equal emphasis on process & outcome
Equip not only for the here and now, but also for the future
Resources
What level - Diploma / degree / master ?
X Diploma
Degree initial preparation ?
Master Higher level of clinical complexity, enhanced leadership and role development
51. Policy/Regulation/Licensure/Legislation(1) Australia as an example
Regulatory authority - The Nursing Board
Achieved through the Nurses Act: 1991, 1993
Supported by:
the Health Department
52. Policy/Regulation/Licensure/Legislation (2)
Role of the Health Department
Develop Task Force, implement
guidelines, framework and process for the recognition and development of NP
Annual re-licensure -Proof of relevant practice within previous 5 years
53. Leadership(1)
Commonalities: good interpersonal relationship, motivation, guidance, change agent, conflict management
Collaborative care and practice
Critical thinking integration of theoretical and practical knowledge
54. Leadership(2)
Expert clinical decision-making skills
e.g. Drug prescription - quality, safe
efficacy, timely access
Participative management - policies and legislation
55. Leadership (3) Personal quality and attributes
Team building: collaborative care
Social ability
6C
56. Leadership (4) 6C:
Conviction : passion, accept criticism
Character : integrity, honest
Care
Course : willing to stand up for beliefs
Composure : appropriate response
Competence: Culture competence for
international perspectives
57. Policy/Regulation/Licensure/Legislation (2)
Role of the Health Department
Develop Task Force, implement
guidelines, framework and process for the recognition and development of NP
Annual re-licensure -Proof of relevant practice within previous 5 years
58. Policy/Regulation/Licensure/Legislation (3) Approach/Regulation for the development of NP system & policy:
Protect the title for the job:
amendment / endorsement of the Nurses Act
Set up Steering Committee
Consult stakeholders
59. Policy/Regulation/Licensure/Legislation (4) Get doctors involved
Share ideas
Develop conjoint protocols
Seek funding support :
Government, Hospital
Develop training programs
Work on Mentor/Pilot study
Set and implement evaluation strategies
60. Policy/Regulation/Licensure/Legislation (5) Variances in education/legislation/ scope of practice
A National working group for the standardization is under studied
Major concerns :
referral, prescription right
61. Observation/Conclusion(1) Diversified system/boundaries within
one country/one country to another
Competencies / Continuing competencies/ Standards / Scope of Practice as major focus for protection of the community & the staff
Regulation: Prescribing is a major concern
62. Observation/Conclusion (2) Funding/Resources supports are essential throughout the processing
e.g. for research elements
Need to Protect the Title for Safe
Financing/Insurance System of the country as one essential direction
for NP development e.g. Reimbursement need, self-help group
63. Observation/Conclusion (3) Outcome measures/Evaluation
indicators are essential
Not all potential staffs/whilst taking
relevant roles are suitable as APN/NP e.g.personal traits-the staff should know his / her limit, have lateral thinking, and be ambitious...
Collaborative practice in addition to independent practice