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Cooperative/ Collaborative Learning. Background. In 1916, John Dewey: Group Investigation Method. Johnson, Johnson & Holubec: positive interdenpendence 積極相互依賴 1. positive goal interdependence 2. positive reward interdependence 3. positive resource interdependence
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Background • In 1916, John Dewey: Group Investigation Method. • Johnson, Johnson & Holubec: positive interdenpendence 積極相互依賴 1. positive goal interdependence 2. positive reward interdependence 3. positive resource interdependence 4. positive role interdependence 5. positive task interdependence
Goals • Cooperative skills • Social skills
Tactics • Students learning from each other in groups. • T and Ss work together. • T teaches Ss collaborative or social skills so that they can work together more effectively.
Principles • Although Ss work together, each S is individually accountable. • Each group member should be encouraged to feel responsible for participating and for learning. • Leadership is ‘ distributed’.
Principles (cont.) • Cooperative learning teaches language for both academic and social purposes. • Cooperative learning groups can easily work on tasks from a task-based approach to language instruction.
Disadvantages • Little T’s correct input- fossilisation石化現象 • Slow learners will be ignored. • Hinder the progress of the better Ss. • Better in small group. • Too many opinions in a group.
Together we stand, divided we fall. • Each of us can do something, but none of us can do everything. • All for one and one for all.
