Topic Learning Objectives: 1. Know the principle advantages and disadvantages of RO

2. TURN AROUND TIME REFERS TO THE AMOUNT OF TIME A VESSEL IS IN PORT INTERMODAL-TRUCKS CAN DRIVE DOWN THE ROAD, COME IN BY RAIL OR BARGE AND ON TO THE SHIP THE MORE TIMES A CARGO IS HANDLED, THE MORE SUSCEPTABLE IT IS TO DAMAGE AND PILFERAGE VEHICLE CARGO DOESN’T REQUIRE COVERED STORAGE IN THE TERMINAL ALL OF A UNITS EQUIPMENT CAN BE CARRIED ON A RO/RO INCLUDING THOSE VEHICLES THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO TRANSPORT ALL THAT IS NEEDED IS A PLACE TO PUT THE RAMP(S). NO CRANES ARE NEEDEDTURN AROUND TIME REFERS TO THE AMOUNT OF TIME A VESSEL IS IN PORT INTERMODAL-TRUCKS CAN DRIVE DOWN THE ROAD, COME IN BY RAIL OR BARGE AND ON TO THE SHIP THE MORE TIMES A CARGO IS HANDLED, THE MORE SUSCEPTABLE IT IS TO DAMAGE AND PILFERAGE VEHICLE CARGO DOESN’T REQUIRE COVERED STORAGE IN THE TERMINAL ALL OF A UNITS EQUIPMENT CAN BE CARRIED ON A RO/RO INCLUDING THOSE VEHICLES THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO TRANSPORT ALL THAT IS NEEDED IS A PLACE TO PUT THE RAMP(S). NO CRANES ARE NEEDED

3. VEHICLES CANNOT BE STACKED AND SO THE CUBIC SPACE ABOVE THEM IS WASTED AT HIGH TIDE AND LIGHT SHIP, THE RAMP MAY BE TOO STEEP, SAME IS TRUE FOR LOADED SHIP AND LOW TIDE DRIVING ABOARD CAN BE A THREATENING EXPERIENCE FOR DRIVERS THAT ARE NOT FAMILIAR WITH RO/RO SHIPS GOING UP A RAMP, THE TOP MAY HIT THE TOP OF THE DOOR EACH SHIP HAS ITS OWN LASHING SYSTEM WHICH IS RELATIVELY FAST BUT IF SHIP RUNS OUT ALTERNATE GEAR MAY BE DIFFICULT TO LOCATE AND/OR RIG. LASHERS MUST BE WATCHED TO MAKE SURE THEY USE THE APPROPRIATE SIZE LASHING FOR CARGO. (THEY SOMETIMES MAY USE HEAVIER LASHINGS ON LIGHT CARGO LEAVING NOTHING TO USE FOR HEAVY CARGO.) VEHICLES MUST BE SPREAD OUT OVER A LARGE AREA WHEN BEING STAGED FOR EITHER LOAD OR DISCHARGEVEHICLES CANNOT BE STACKED AND SO THE CUBIC SPACE ABOVE THEM IS WASTED AT HIGH TIDE AND LIGHT SHIP, THE RAMP MAY BE TOO STEEP, SAME IS TRUE FOR LOADED SHIP AND LOW TIDE DRIVING ABOARD CAN BE A THREATENING EXPERIENCE FOR DRIVERS THAT ARE NOT FAMILIAR WITH RO/RO SHIPS GOING UP A RAMP, THE TOP MAY HIT THE TOP OF THE DOOR EACH SHIP HAS ITS OWN LASHING SYSTEM WHICH IS RELATIVELY FAST BUT IF SHIP RUNS OUT ALTERNATE GEAR MAY BE DIFFICULT TO LOCATE AND/OR RIG. LASHERS MUST BE WATCHED TO MAKE SURE THEY USE THE APPROPRIATE SIZE LASHING FOR CARGO. (THEY SOMETIMES MAY USE HEAVIER LASHINGS ON LIGHT CARGO LEAVING NOTHING TO USE FOR HEAVY CARGO.) VEHICLES MUST BE SPREAD OUT OVER A LARGE AREA WHEN BEING STAGED FOR EITHER LOAD OR DISCHARGE

4. THIS SLIDE INDICATES THE VERTICAL CLEARANCE LIMITATIONSTHIS SLIDE INDICATES THE VERTICAL CLEARANCE LIMITATIONS

5. RAMPS MAY COME STRAIGHT OUT THE STERN, OUT TO ONE SIDE, OR BE SLEWING WHEN CARGO IS PLACED IN A TEMPORARY STORAGE AREA FOR EITHER LOADING OR DISCHARGING OF SHIPS IT IS DESCRIBED AS BEING “INTRANSIT” RATHER THAN BEING STORED. CALL FWD AREA IS WHERE THE CARGO IS STAGED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE SEQUENCE OF LOADING CARE MUST BE TAKEN WITH VEHICLE FLOW ON/OFFSHIP SO AS TO AVOID COLLISIONS PAVED AREA IS BEST BUT IF AREA IS UNPAVED WASH STATIONS MUST BE SET UP TO KEEP MUD OFF THE SHIP SHOULD BE AN AREA WHERE MAINTENANCE CAN BE PERFORMED IN ORDER TO PRECLUDE CARGO BEING “SHUT OUT” (FRUSTRATED) SOME (VERY FEW)COMMERCIAL RO/RO’s ARE NON-SELF SUSTAINING AS THEY GO TO THE SAME DOCKS ON THEIR COMMERCIAL RUN AND THERE ARE RAMPS AT THE DOCKS INSTEAD OF ON THE SHIP RAMPS MAY COME STRAIGHT OUT THE STERN, OUT TO ONE SIDE, OR BE SLEWING WHEN CARGO IS PLACED IN A TEMPORARY STORAGE AREA FOR EITHER LOADING OR DISCHARGING OF SHIPS IT IS DESCRIBED AS BEING “INTRANSIT” RATHER THAN BEING STORED. CALL FWD AREA IS WHERE THE CARGO IS STAGED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE SEQUENCE OF LOADING CARE MUST BE TAKEN WITH VEHICLE FLOW ON/OFFSHIP SO AS TO AVOID COLLISIONS PAVED AREA IS BEST BUT IF AREA IS UNPAVED WASH STATIONS MUST BE SET UP TO KEEP MUD OFF THE SHIP SHOULD BE AN AREA WHERE MAINTENANCE CAN BE PERFORMED IN ORDER TO PRECLUDE CARGO BEING “SHUT OUT” (FRUSTRATED) SOME (VERY FEW)COMMERCIAL RO/RO’s ARE NON-SELF SUSTAINING AS THEY GO TO THE SAME DOCKS ON THEIR COMMERCIAL RUN AND THERE ARE RAMPS AT THE DOCKS INSTEAD OF ON THE SHIP

6. A LARGE NUMBER OF DRIVERS ARE NEEDED AS WELL AS SHUTTLE BUSES AS VEHICLES ARE DRIVEN ABOARD AND THE DRIVERS MUST BE BUSED BACK OUT TO THE TERMINAL STAGING AREA TO DRIVE SUBSEQUENT VEHICLES. SO, NEED SHUTTLE BUSES AND DESIGNATED PICK UP SPOTS GROUND GUIDES ABOARD SHIP MUST BE PLACED IN DIFFICULT AREAS OF THE SHIP SUCH AS AT TOPS OF RAMPS. THEY SHOULD KNOW THE VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS TO “GUIDE “ THEM SAFELY THROUGH DIFFICULT AREAS. 3 FT FIRE LANE AWAY FROM BULKHEADS. LASHING CAN IMPINGE BUT SHOULD BE NO HIGHER THAN ANKLE HIGH LASHING BETWEEN VEHICLES MUST BE ACCESSABLE TO ALLOW ADJUSTMENT BY SHIP’S CREW AT SEA. RADIO CONTROL BETWEEN THE PERSON IN CHARGE OF STOWING SPACE AND CALL FORWARD AREA IN ORDER TO MAKE CHANGES IN STOW IF A VEHICLE QUITS ON A RAMP OR DOORWAY CAPABILITY FOR TOWING MUST BE AVAILABLE OR THE OPERATION IS HALTED RUBBER ROAD PADS ON TRACKED VEHICLES MUST BE CHECKED FOR WEAR AS STEEL TO STEEL CONTACT WITH THE DECK IS SLIPPERY. DUNNAGE MUST BE PLACED BETWEEN THE TRACKS AND THE SHIP DECKA LARGE NUMBER OF DRIVERS ARE NEEDED AS WELL AS SHUTTLE BUSES AS VEHICLES ARE DRIVEN ABOARD AND THE DRIVERS MUST BE BUSED BACK OUT TO THE TERMINAL STAGING AREA TO DRIVE SUBSEQUENT VEHICLES. SO, NEED SHUTTLE BUSES AND DESIGNATED PICK UP SPOTS GROUND GUIDES ABOARD SHIP MUST BE PLACED IN DIFFICULT AREAS OF THE SHIP SUCH AS AT TOPS OF RAMPS. THEY SHOULD KNOW THE VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS TO “GUIDE “ THEM SAFELY THROUGH DIFFICULT AREAS. 3 FT FIRE LANE AWAY FROM BULKHEADS. LASHING CAN IMPINGE BUT SHOULD BE NO HIGHER THAN ANKLE HIGH LASHING BETWEEN VEHICLES MUST BE ACCESSABLE TO ALLOW ADJUSTMENT BY SHIP’S CREW AT SEA. RADIO CONTROL BETWEEN THE PERSON IN CHARGE OF STOWING SPACE AND CALL FORWARD AREA IN ORDER TO MAKE CHANGES IN STOW IF A VEHICLE QUITS ON A RAMP OR DOORWAY CAPABILITY FOR TOWING MUST BE AVAILABLE OR THE OPERATION IS HALTED RUBBER ROAD PADS ON TRACKED VEHICLES MUST BE CHECKED FOR WEAR AS STEEL TO STEEL CONTACT WITH THE DECK IS SLIPPERY. DUNNAGE MUST BE PLACED BETWEEN THE TRACKS AND THE SHIP DECK

7. A LARGE NUMBER OF DRIVERS ARE NEEDED AS WELL AS SHUTTLE BUSES AS VEHICLES ARE DRIVEN ABOARD AND THE DRIVERS MUST BE BUSED BACK OUT TO THE TERMINAL STAGING AREA TO DRIVE SUBSEQUENT VEHICLES. SO, NEED SHUTTLE BUSES AND DESIGNATED PICK UP SPOTS GROUND GUIDES ABOARD SHIP MUST BE PLACED IN DIFFICULT AREAS OF THE SHIP SUCH AS AT TOPS OF RAMPS. THEY SHOULD KNOW THE VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS TO “GUIDE “ THEM SAFELY THROUGH DIFFICULT AREAS. 3 FT FIRE LANE AWAY FROM BULKHEADS. LASHING CAN IMPINGE BUT SHOULD BE NO HIGHER THAN ANKLE HIGH LASHING BETWEEN VEHICLES MUST BE ACCESSABLE TO ALLOW ADJUSTMENT BY SHIP’S CREW AT SEA. RADIO CONTROL BETWEEN THE PERSON IN CHARGE OF STOWING SPACE AND CALL FORWARD AREA IN ORDER TO MAKE CHANGES IN STOW IF A VEHICLE QUITS ON A RAMP OR DOORWAY CAPABILITY FOR TOWING MUST BE AVAILABLE OR THE OPERATION IS HALTED RUBBER ROAD PADS ON TRACKED VEHICLES MUST BE CHECKED FOR WEAR AS STEEL TO STEEL CONTACT WITH THE DECK IS SLIPPERY. DUNNAGE MUST BE PLACED BETWEEN THE TRACKS AND THE SHIP DECKA LARGE NUMBER OF DRIVERS ARE NEEDED AS WELL AS SHUTTLE BUSES AS VEHICLES ARE DRIVEN ABOARD AND THE DRIVERS MUST BE BUSED BACK OUT TO THE TERMINAL STAGING AREA TO DRIVE SUBSEQUENT VEHICLES. SO, NEED SHUTTLE BUSES AND DESIGNATED PICK UP SPOTS GROUND GUIDES ABOARD SHIP MUST BE PLACED IN DIFFICULT AREAS OF THE SHIP SUCH AS AT TOPS OF RAMPS. THEY SHOULD KNOW THE VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS TO “GUIDE “ THEM SAFELY THROUGH DIFFICULT AREAS. 3 FT FIRE LANE AWAY FROM BULKHEADS. LASHING CAN IMPINGE BUT SHOULD BE NO HIGHER THAN ANKLE HIGH LASHING BETWEEN VEHICLES MUST BE ACCESSABLE TO ALLOW ADJUSTMENT BY SHIP’S CREW AT SEA. RADIO CONTROL BETWEEN THE PERSON IN CHARGE OF STOWING SPACE AND CALL FORWARD AREA IN ORDER TO MAKE CHANGES IN STOW IF A VEHICLE QUITS ON A RAMP OR DOORWAY CAPABILITY FOR TOWING MUST BE AVAILABLE OR THE OPERATION IS HALTED RUBBER ROAD PADS ON TRACKED VEHICLES MUST BE CHECKED FOR WEAR AS STEEL TO STEEL CONTACT WITH THE DECK IS SLIPPERY. DUNNAGE MUST BE PLACED BETWEEN THE TRACKS AND THE SHIP DECK

8. KNOW WHERE LASHING GEAR IS LOCATED BEFORE LOADING AND CUTTING OFF ACCESS TO IT ORDER LASHERS WITH TYPE OF CARGO IN MIND, SMALL VEHICLES NEEDING ONLY FOUR LASHINGS, REQUIRE TWICE AS MANY DRIVERS AS LASHERS. LARGE VEHICLES NEED MORE LASHERS NYLON WEB FOR SMALL VEHICLES IS OK NEVER USE FIBER ROPE AS IT STRETCHES, CHAFES, AND SHRINKS WHEN WET SHIPS ARE LOADED FOR EASE OF DISCHARGE, NOT EASE OF LOADING. HENCE, VEHICLE MUST FACE EXIT SO IT CAN BE DRIVEN OFF WITH MINIMUM OF MANEUVERING ALWAYS CHECK BACK OF VEHICLES FOR LOOSE GEAR AND UNDOCUMENTED CARGO. OFTEN THIS IS CARGO THAT IS CONSIDERED AS “DANGEROUS AND HAZARDOUS” (PAINT, AMMO, COMPRESSED GASSES ETC.) LOOSE, UNSECURED CARGO CAN CAUSE DSERIOUS DAMAGE (INCLUDING THE LOSS OF THE SHIP OR LOSS OF LIFE) WHEN THE VESSEL IS ROLLING IN A SEAWAY OR IN A STORM. KNOW WHERE LASHING GEAR IS LOCATED BEFORE LOADING AND CUTTING OFF ACCESS TO IT ORDER LASHERS WITH TYPE OF CARGO IN MIND, SMALL VEHICLES NEEDING ONLY FOUR LASHINGS, REQUIRE TWICE AS MANY DRIVERS AS LASHERS. LARGE VEHICLES NEED MORE LASHERS NYLON WEB FOR SMALL VEHICLES IS OK NEVER USE FIBER ROPE AS IT STRETCHES, CHAFES, AND SHRINKS WHEN WET SHIPS ARE LOADED FOR EASE OF DISCHARGE, NOT EASE OF LOADING. HENCE, VEHICLE MUST FACE EXIT SO IT CAN BE DRIVEN OFF WITH MINIMUM OF MANEUVERING ALWAYS CHECK BACK OF VEHICLES FOR LOOSE GEAR AND UNDOCUMENTED CARGO. OFTEN THIS IS CARGO THAT IS CONSIDERED AS “DANGEROUS AND HAZARDOUS” (PAINT, AMMO, COMPRESSED GASSES ETC.) LOOSE, UNSECURED CARGO CAN CAUSE DSERIOUS DAMAGE (INCLUDING THE LOSS OF THE SHIP OR LOSS OF LIFE) WHEN THE VESSEL IS ROLLING IN A SEAWAY OR IN A STORM.

9. KNOW WHERE LASHING GEAR IS LOCATED BEFORE LOADING AND CUTTING OFF ACCESS TO IT ORDER LASHERS WITH TYPE OF CARGO IN MIND, SMALL VEHICLES NEEDING ONLY FOUR LASHINGS, REQUIRE TWICE AS MANY DRIVERS AS LASHERS. LARGE VEHICLES NEED MORE LASHERS NYLON WEB FOR SMALL VEHICLES IS OK NEVER USE FIBER ROPE AS IT STRETCHES, CHAFES, AND SHRINKS WHEN WET SHIPS ARE LOADED FOR EASE OF DISCHARGE, NOT EASE OF LOADING. HENCE, VEHICLE MUST FACE EXIT SO IT CAN BE DRIVEN OFF WITH MINIMUM OF MANEUVERING ALWAYS CHECK BACK OF VEHICLES FOR LOOSE GEAR AND UNDOCUMENTED CARGO. OFTEN THIS IS CARGO THAT IS CONSIDERED AS “DANGEROUS AND HAZARDOUS” (PAINT, AMMO, COMPRESSED GASSES ETC.) LOOSE, UNSECURED CARGO CAN CAUSE DSERIOUS DAMAGE (INCLUDING THE LOSS OF THE SHIP OR LOSS OF LIFE) WHEN THE VESSEL IS ROLLING IN A SEAWAY OR IN A STORM. KNOW WHERE LASHING GEAR IS LOCATED BEFORE LOADING AND CUTTING OFF ACCESS TO IT ORDER LASHERS WITH TYPE OF CARGO IN MIND, SMALL VEHICLES NEEDING ONLY FOUR LASHINGS, REQUIRE TWICE AS MANY DRIVERS AS LASHERS. LARGE VEHICLES NEED MORE LASHERS NYLON WEB FOR SMALL VEHICLES IS OK NEVER USE FIBER ROPE AS IT STRETCHES, CHAFES, AND SHRINKS WHEN WET SHIPS ARE LOADED FOR EASE OF DISCHARGE, NOT EASE OF LOADING. HENCE, VEHICLE MUST FACE EXIT SO IT CAN BE DRIVEN OFF WITH MINIMUM OF MANEUVERING ALWAYS CHECK BACK OF VEHICLES FOR LOOSE GEAR AND UNDOCUMENTED CARGO. OFTEN THIS IS CARGO THAT IS CONSIDERED AS “DANGEROUS AND HAZARDOUS” (PAINT, AMMO, COMPRESSED GASSES ETC.) LOOSE, UNSECURED CARGO CAN CAUSE DSERIOUS DAMAGE (INCLUDING THE LOSS OF THE SHIP OR LOSS OF LIFE) WHEN THE VESSEL IS ROLLING IN A SEAWAY OR IN A STORM.

10. KNOW WHERE LASHING GEAR IS LOCATED BEFORE LOADING AND CUTTING OFF ACCESS TO IT ORDER LASHERS WITH TYPE OF CARGO IN MIND, SMALL VEHICLES NEEDING ONLY FOUR LASHINGS, REQUIRE TWICE AS MANY DRIVERS AS LASHERS. LARGE VEHICLES NEED MORE LASHERS NYLON WEB FOR SMALL VEHICLES IS OK NEVER USE FIBER ROPE AS IT STRETCHES, CHAFES, AND SHRINKS WHEN WET SHIPS ARE LOADED FOR EASE OF DISCHARGE, NOT EASE OF LOADING. HENCE, VEHICLE MUST FACE EXIT SO IT CAN BE DRIVEN OFF WITH MINIMUM OF MANEUVERING ALWAYS CHECK BACK OF VEHICLES FOR LOOSE GEAR AND UNDOCUMENTED CARGO. OFTEN THIS IS CARGO THAT IS CONSIDERED AS “DANGEROUS AND HAZARDOUS” (PAINT, AMMO, COMPRESSED GASSES ETC.) LOOSE, UNSECURED CARGO CAN CAUSE DSERIOUS DAMAGE (INCLUDING THE LOSS OF THE SHIP OR LOSS OF LIFE) WHEN THE VESSEL IS ROLLING IN A SEAWAY OR IN A STORM. KNOW WHERE LASHING GEAR IS LOCATED BEFORE LOADING AND CUTTING OFF ACCESS TO IT ORDER LASHERS WITH TYPE OF CARGO IN MIND, SMALL VEHICLES NEEDING ONLY FOUR LASHINGS, REQUIRE TWICE AS MANY DRIVERS AS LASHERS. LARGE VEHICLES NEED MORE LASHERS NYLON WEB FOR SMALL VEHICLES IS OK NEVER USE FIBER ROPE AS IT STRETCHES, CHAFES, AND SHRINKS WHEN WET SHIPS ARE LOADED FOR EASE OF DISCHARGE, NOT EASE OF LOADING. HENCE, VEHICLE MUST FACE EXIT SO IT CAN BE DRIVEN OFF WITH MINIMUM OF MANEUVERING ALWAYS CHECK BACK OF VEHICLES FOR LOOSE GEAR AND UNDOCUMENTED CARGO. OFTEN THIS IS CARGO THAT IS CONSIDERED AS “DANGEROUS AND HAZARDOUS” (PAINT, AMMO, COMPRESSED GASSES ETC.) LOOSE, UNSECURED CARGO CAN CAUSE DSERIOUS DAMAGE (INCLUDING THE LOSS OF THE SHIP OR LOSS OF LIFE) WHEN THE VESSEL IS ROLLING IN A SEAWAY OR IN A STORM.