Stress Testing

1. Stress Testing Muhammad Saifullah Bin Mohamed Azmi (1100314) TK5413 ISLAMIC RISK MANAGEMENT

2. Content Introduction to Stress Testing Stress Test & Bank Regulation Roles of Stress Testing Scenario & Sensitivity Analyses Stress Testing in Islamic Financial Institutions‘. Conducting Stress Test Limitation of Stress Test References

3. Stress Testing Definition “A range of techniques used to access the vulnerability of portfolio to major changes in the macroenomic environment or to exceptional but plausible event.” The objective of stress test is to make risk more transparent by estimating the potential losses on a portfolio in abnormal market. It is often used to complement the internal model and management systems used by the financial institution for capital allocation decision.

4. Stress Test & Bank Regulations • Stress testing techniques began to be applied widely by internationally active bank in the early 1990’s and now most of large financial institutions. • Banking supervisors and regulators have sanctioned the use of stress test as an important component of internal-model approach to market-risk monitoring. • The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) highlighted the need of stress testing in they published the “Amendment to the Capital Accord Incorporate Market Risk” in January 1996. • National bank supervisor and regulators (including Bank Negara) have issued their own guideline on stress testing in accordance with the principle laid down by BCBS. • According to Bank Negara guideline for Stress Testing (see page 5), it also applicable for Islamic banks, Takaful and Retakaful operator.

5. Role of Stress Test • Standard Risk Management tool for licensed institutions to understand the nature of their risk profile. • Help to identify the possible future unfavorable event that would affect on institution. • Help to identify exceptional but plausible event that can affect the institution if it really happened in the future. • To complement statistical model such as VaR by providing the assess the effect of tail event beyond the level of confidence assumed in the statistical model. • To be used in portfolio that lack of historical data which basically hard to build a statistical model due to insufficient data.

6. Categories of Stress Test Stress Test Scenario Analysis Sensitivity Analysis

7. The historical scenario involves the reconstruction of historical events and involves less judgment as it reflects actual stress market condition. Scenario Analysis Hypothetical scenario means simulating shocks to events that have not yet happened or have no historical precedent. Scenario Analysis

8. Example of Scenarios

9. Sensitivity Analysis Study on how the variation (uncertainty) in the output of a statistical model can be attributed to different variations in the inputs of the model.  Technique for systematically changing variables in a model to determine the effects of such changes. Sensitivity Analysis

10. Scenario & Sensitivity Analysis It is somewhat unavoidable to distinguish between Scenario based analysis and sensitivity test In the sense that some scenario based analysis implicitly assume some scenario for sensitivity correlation estimators.

11. Type of Risk Model Market Risk Credit Risk Other Type of Stress Test Sensitivity Scenario Other Type of Shock Individual market variables Underlying volatilities Underlying correlation Type of Scenario Historical Hypothetical Monte Carlo Simulation Conducting Stress Test

12. Stress Test in Islamic Financial Institutions Islamic Financial Institutions' exposed to market risk through 4 type of risk namely:- • Rate of return risk • Commodity Price Risk (Murabaha, Istisna’, Salam) • FX rate risk • Equity price risk (Musharakah, Murabahah)

13. Risk Exposed Commodity Price Risk (Murabaha, Istisna’, Salam) • The behavior of commodities in Islamic Finance are driven both by direct & indirect by many different risk factor. Price Risk Cost Risk Market Influence Risk FX Rate Risk Quantity Risk Future Delivery Risk Inverse Price Risk

14. Equity Price Risk(Musharakah, Mudaraba) • This type of risk can arise from the contract due to “profit & loss” sharing that is driven by the share in the investment equity. • Can result in equity price risk Therefore:- The more the complex the contract, the more risk exposure. Because even simple portfolio carry more than one market risk factor.

15. Limitation of Stress Testing • It is based on projected scenarios and not real event, thus it is hard to choose the “right” event to be tested. • The cost incurred maybe expensive. • Wrong input will lead to wrong output. Thus wrong interpretation. • Only calculate “what would happen if” scenarios not the probability that such event would happen. • Limited to only portfolio which closely related to the market risk.

16. References • Guideline for Stress Testing, Bank Negara Malaysia. • Stress Testing; Challenge yourself before being Challenged, Ernst & Young (2009). • Stress Testing of Financial Systems; An Overview of Issues, Methodologies' & FSAP Experiences, IMF Working Paper (2001)

17. The End