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Vitamin B12 and Depression

Katie Cole HLSC 415 Lab December 3 rd , 2008. Vitamin B12 and Depression . ???Pop Quiz??? . Which of the following foods contain Vitamin B12? Breakfast cereals Tuna Milk Eggs Carrots . Overview of Presentation. 1. Background information of Vitamin B12 2. Brief overview of depression

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Vitamin B12 and Depression

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  1. Katie Cole HLSC 415 Lab December 3rd, 2008 Vitamin B12 and Depression

  2. ???Pop Quiz??? Which of the following foods contain Vitamin B12? • Breakfast cereals • Tuna • Milk • Eggs • Carrots

  3. Overview of Presentation 1. Background information of Vitamin B12 2. Brief overview of depression 3. Physiological Mechanism 4. Two primary research articles in relation to vitamin B12 and depression • #1: Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine in depression: The Rotterdam Study • #2: Association between lifestyle factors and mental health measures among community –dwelling older women 5. Concluding remarks

  4. What is Vitamin B12? • Referred to as cobalamin (or Cyanocobalamin) • Synthesized by bacteria, fungi, and algae • Cows and sheep (rumen of stomach) • Closely related to Folate and Homocysteine levels in the body

  5. Food and B12 • Vitamin B12 comes from foods found in animals, they include the following: • Fish • Beef • Poultry • Eggs • Milk • Milk products

  6. RDA and UL B12 RDA for adults and Children UL for Adults and Children No toxicity associated with B12 No Upper level Most children and Adults (U.S.) consume the recommended amounts of Vitamin B12

  7. Functions of Vitamin B12 • Helps to maintain nerve cells and red blood cells in human bodies. • Essential for DNA production, the genetic material found in all cells

  8. Biochemical Processes

  9. Common Causes of B12 Deficiency • Absorption – • Defective R- Protein • Defect in binding of Intrinsic factor • Absence of stomach or ileum • Bacterial overgrowth of small intestine • Tapeworm infestation • Chronic malabsorption (AIDs)

  10. Research Question • What is the Relationship between vitamin B12 and depression?

  11. Depression • Very common yet serious illness • Affects men, women, and children of all ages around the world • Causes: combination of genetic, biochemical, environmental, and psychological factors.

  12. Types of Depression • Major depressive disorder • Dysthymic disorder (dysthymia) • Most common • Psychotic depression • Postpartum depression • Seasonal effective disorder • Bipolar disorder

  13. Biochemical causes: • Inability to regulate uptake of neurotransmitters: • Dopamine • Serotonine • Epinephrine • Nor-epinephrine These neurotransmitters are mood elevators

  14. Physiological Mechanism • Vitamin B12 – One carbon metabolism • 3 enzymes directly involved in Metabolism • Methionine synthase • Betaine homocysteine • methyltransferase

  15. One- Carbon Metabolism http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514270703/html/x305.html

  16. Article #1 “Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine in depression: The Rotterdam Study • Participants age 55 and older • Series of three surveys • Addition of depression assessments in 3rd survey • Subjects who visited the research center had blood taken. • Of these subjects 278 had positive screening results (symptoms) • 112 participants fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for depression • 416 participants that had negative results

  17. Article #1 “Design” Case-control Study • 278 people with depressive symptoms (case) • 112 people with depressive disorder (case) • 416 people with no signs or symptoms of depression (control) • Characteristic of interest: Vitamin b12, folate, and homocystein levels

  18. statistics Descriptive Inferential Analysis of the variance (ANOVA) Logistic regression Odds ratio 95% confidence interval • Mean • Standard deviation

  19. Article #1

  20. Article #1 Strengths Weaknesses Subject bias (self reporting) Population size • Incorporation of diagnostic criteria • No selection bias • Accounted for confounding variables

  21. Results Elderly people with vitamin B12 deficiency were more likely to have depressive disorders Study suggests that vitamin B12 deficiency is independent of any confounding variables when being compared to participants with depressive disorders

  22. Article #2 “Association between lifestyle factors and mental health measures among community-dwelling older women” • Women age 70 and older • Lifestyle variables assessed: • Smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, nutrition, and education. • Depression, anxiety, quality of life, cognitive function

  23. Article #2 “Design” • Cross-sectional study • A group of people examined at one point in time • Women 70 years and older examined once, observing an association between lifestyle factors and cognitive abilities/depressive symptoms.

  24. Statistics Descriptive Inferential t- test Pearson’s Spearman’s rho Logistic regression 95% Confidence Intervals • Mean • Standard Deviation (SD)

  25. Article #2

  26. Article #2 Strengths Weaknesses Interviewer bias Subject bias Population size • In vivo • Selection bias • Confounding variables

  27. Results B12 deficiency did not show any relation to depression • The results were most likely not accurate due to the population sample and a small percentage of participants having a b12 deficiency • B12 was also paired with folate levels

  28. Conclusion • Article #1 was more accurate • Other studies have shown similar results Future recommendations- • Studies should include larger population size • More studies conducted on younger population • Focused on vitamin B12 and depression

  29. References Cassidy, K., Kotynia-English, R., Acres, J., Flicker, L., Lautenschlager, N.T., & Almeida, O.P. (2004). Association between lifestyle factors and mental health measures among community dwelling older women. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 38,940-947. Retrieved September 15, 2008 from Ebscohost database. Penninx, B.W.J.H., Guralnik, J.M., Ferrucci, L., Fried, L.P., Allen, R.H., & Stabler, S.P. (2000). Vitamin deficiency and depression in physically disabled older women: epidemiologic from the women’s health and aging study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 157(5),715-721. Retrieved November 21, 2008, from Ebscohost. Pinel, J.P.J. (2006) Biopsychology. (6th ed.). Toronto: Allyn and Bacon. Tiemeier, H., Ruud van Tuijl, H., Hofman, A., Kiliaan, J.A., Breteler, M.M.B. (2002). Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine in depression: The Rotterdam Study. American Journal of Psychiatry,159(12), 2099-2101. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from Ebscohost database. National Institutes of Health (2006). Dietary supplement fact sheet: vitamin B12. Retrieved November 21, 2008, from http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminb12.asp#h1

  30. Questions

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