BATCH 03-A

2. BATCH 03-A LOCALIZATION & RECTIFICATIONOF OPTICAL FIBER FAULT

3. OBJECTIVE • INTRODUCTION OF OPTICAL FIBER • CONSTRUCTION OF OPTICAL FIBER • PRINCIPLE OF OPTICAL FIBER • TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBER • OPTICAL FIBER FAULTS • RECTIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBER • INSTRUMENT USED IN RECTIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBER • ADVANTAGE OF OPTICAL FIBER • DISADVANTAGE OF OPTICAL FIBER

4. OPTICAL FIBER • An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of very pure glass(silica). • It acts as a “wave guide ” or “lightpipe” to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. • Optical fibers are widely used in fiberoptics communication.

5. CONSTRUCTION OF OPTICAL FIBER The main purpose of a fiber optic cable is to protect the fiber core inside the cable that carries the light signal transmission. OPTICAL FIBER

6. CORE:- The fiber core is made of silica glass and is the central part of the optical cable that carries the light signal. Diameter – 8 micro meter for single mode fiber - 50 meter or 62.5 meter for multi mode fiber CLADDING:- The cladding is also made of glass, and is the layer that surrounds the fiber core. Together, they form a single solid fiber of gless that is used for the light transmission. The diameter of the cladding is typically 125micro meter.

7. BUFFER The is third layer, buffer coating are UV-curvedurethane composite materials applied to theoutside of the fiber during the drawingprocess. JACKET The last layer is the cable jacket, which are comprised of different materials depending on the choice of the end user and the application in use. Like the primary coating, they serve only a mechnical protection ti the fiber core and cladding inside.

8. PRINCIPLE OF OPTICAL FIBER An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide (nonconducting waveguide) thattransmits light along its axis, by the process of total internal reflection. The fiber consists of a core dielectricmaterials.To confine the optical signal in the core,the refrative index of the core mustbe greater than that of the cladding.

9. TYPES OF OPTICAL FIEBER • Single mode optical fiber:- • Multi mode optical fiber:- Single Mode Optical Fiber • In fiber optics communication, a single mode opticalfiber is an optical fiber designed to carry only a singleray oflight. • Single mode fibers can have a higher bandwidth thanmultimode fibers.Equipment for single mode fiber ismoreexpensive than equipment for multimode optical fiber, but the single mode fiber itself isusully cheaper in bulk.

10. MULTI MODE OPTICAL FIBER Multi mode optical fiber(MM fiber) is a optical fiber mostly used for communication over short distance such as within a building or on a campus. The equipment used for communications over multimode optical fiber is much less expensive than that for single mode optical fiber.

11. OPTICAL FIBER FAULTS • The physical cable or connector damage • The cable physical damage • Partial failure of the connector • Line graph error • The local cable damage.

12. Reason for fault • Mostly due to improper constrution methods or accidental damage to network cables and other causes. • Mainly due to the tight binding between the short circuit caused the cable,because cable nails embedded in gold scrap, stripping header damaged insulation and cable multi-conductor lead wire insulation faults exposed. • Mainly as a result of the cable twisted , bending radious is too small the drag force exceeds the mechanical strength of the cable cause by cable damage, and many more appear in the new wiring project.

13. RECTIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBER • As mention above, optical fiber has different types of fault, and techniques which are for recovering the dameges of optical fiber are known as Rectification of optical fiber. • Some specific instrument are used for rectification of optical fiber fault are as follows:- • Optical time domain reflectometer(OTDR) • Fusion splicing • Optical power meter.

14. INSTRUMENT USED FOR RECTIFICTION OFOPTICAL FIBER Optical time domainreflectometer(OTDR) An OTDR is anoptoelectronic instrument used to characterise an optical fiber.

15. FUSION SPLICING Fution splicing is the act of joining twooptical fiber end to end usingheat. The goal is to fuse the twofiber together in such away that light passingthough the fibers is notscattered or reflected backby the splice.

16. OPTICAL POWER METER (OPM) An optical power meter (opm) is a device used to measure the power in an optical signal. The term usually refers to a device for testing average power in fiber optic systems. A typical OPM consists of a calibrated sensor, measuring amplifier and display. The sensor primerily consists of a photodiode selected for the appropriate range of wavelenths and power levels.

17. PEN TYPE VISUAL FAULT LOCATOR Pen type visual fault locator FLP-3312 is simple, easy to use instrument with stable output designed to locate faults on fiber optical cables. When a break or sharp bend exists in a fiber ,the red light from the visible fault locator will indicate the trouble spot . Application of pen type visual fault locator:- • Locating troubles in splice trays • Patch panels • Cable splice points • Tracing fiber runs

18. ADVANTAGE OF OPTICAL FIBER The advantage of optical fiber is:- • Enormous Bandwidths • Low transmission loss • Immunity to cross talk • Electric isolation • Small size and weight • Signal security • Ruggedness and flexibility • Low cost and availability

19. DISADVANTAGE OF OPTICAL FIBER The disadvantage of optical fiber are:- • High cost of installation • Fragility- optical fiber are more fragile thanelectrical wires. • Requires special skill- Optical fibers can not bejoined together as a easily as copper cable • Affected by chemicals.

20. THANK YOU