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DNA PROFILING

DNA PROFILING. At the end of this lesson you should be able to Outline the four stages involved in DNA profiling Define the process of DNA profiling Give two applications of DNA profiling Define genetic screening. Lesson Objectives. DNA PROFILING.

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DNA PROFILING

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  1. DNA PROFILING

  2. At the end of this lesson you should be able to • Outline the four stages involved in DNA profiling • Define the process of DNA profiling • Give two applications of DNA profiling • Define genetic screening Lesson Objectives

  3. DNA PROFILING • 1980- American researchers discovered non-coding regions of DNA • 1984- Professor Alec Jeffries developed the process of DNA profiling • 1987 - First conviction based on DNA evidence

  4. Principle of DNA Profiling All human chromosomes have sections of DNA with no known functions These sections have short base sequences These sequences repeat over and over They are inherited from parents Their length and position are unique to each person

  5. DNA PROFILING A process or technique of analysis revealing unique patterns of an individual’s DNA involving non-coding regions

  6. NON-CODING REGIONS (VNTR)

  7. STAGES INVOLVED • Cells broken down to release DNA • DNA strands cut into fragments • Fragments separated • Pattern of fragments analysed

  8. 1. DNA EXTRACTION

  9. 2. DNA CUTTING The DNA is cut up into fragments using restriction enzymes This gives lots of fragments The fragments are different sizes

  10. 3. FRAGMENT SEPARATION Samples containing the fragments are placed into individual wells in a gel using a pipette This is known as electrophoresis

  11. ELECTROPHORESIS • Fragments separated by length • DNA (negatively charged) • Moves towards +ve terminal • Shorter fragments move faster

  12. 4.DNA TRANSFER • DNA is split into single strands using an alkaline solution • DNA fragments transferred from gel to filter paper or nylon membrane • The Gel, with filter paper attached, is removed & separated

  13. 5. ANALYSIS Radioactive probe in solution binds to DNA Revealing a pattern of bands X-ray film

  14. Paternity disputes • Forensic Science • Genetic Screening • Genetic Archaeology Applications of Genetic Screening

  15. FORENSIC SCIENCE

  16. FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

  17. Quality of sample • Mistakes and inaccuracy • Interpretation • Privacy • Evidence from criminal investigations • Who should use DNA fingerprinting • Cost effective • Ethnic problems COMMON CONCERNS

  18. Genetic Screening is used to : Test individuals who are at high risk of having or passing on a specific genetic disorder Genetic Screening

  19. Antenatal serum screening for Down Syndrome Antenatal carrier screening for Sickle Cell Anaemia Predictive testing for hereditary cancers Predictive testing for cystic fibrosis Newborn screening for phenylketonuria, cystic fibrosis and hypothyroidism. Screening Tests

  20. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/lab01.html Creating DNA Fingerprint simulation

  21. Can you ……………… • Discuss the stages involved in DNA profiling • Define the process of DNA profiling • Give two applications of DNA profiling • Define genetic screening What have you learned?

  22. End

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