Policy and Development: A role for social security?

1. The Council for Frontiers of Knowledge 2012 Munyonyo, Kampala Policy and Development:A role for social security? Robert Walker

2. The Council for Frontiers of Knowledge 2012 Munyonyo, Kampala Policy and Development:A role for social security? Social Robert Walker

3. The Council for Frontiers of Knowledge 2012 Munyonyo, Kampala Policy and Development:A role for social security? Social Robert Walker

4. Right to social security • Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international cooperation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality. Article 22 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights

5. Social security Goal • Protect against inadequate income caused by: • Sickness, disability, maternity, employment injury, unemployment, old age, the death of a family member or by insufficient family support • Casual/under employment Mechanisms • Contributory benefits • Universal schemes • Categorical benefits • Conditional benefits • Social employment guarantee schemes, • Mutual benefits (e.g. micro-insurance) • Occupational benefits

6. Low income Med Coverage High Work injury Matern- ity Family allowce Old age Sickness Unempl

7. Low income Med Coverage High Work injury Matern- ity Family allowce Old age Sickness Unempl

8. Low income Med Coverage High Work injury Matern- ity Family allowce Old age Sickness Unempl

9. Low income Med Coverage High Work injury Matern- ity Family allowce Old age Sickness Unempl ILO (2010a), Extending Social Security to All: A Guide Through Challenges and Options, Geneva: ILO.

10. Provision in Uganda ILO (2010b), World Social Security Report 2010/11: Providing Coverage in Times of Crisis and Beyond, Geneva: ILO.

11. Total social security expenditure Uganda 0.4% ILO (2010b), World Social Security Report 2010/11: Providing Coverage in Times of Crisis and Beyond, Geneva: ILO.

12. Total social security spending ILO (2010b), World Social Security Report 2010/11: Providing Coverage in Times of Crisis and Beyond, Geneva: ILO.

13. Constraints • Finance • ILO minimum social security package of • basic child benefits • an employment guarantee scheme (100 days) • universal basic old-age • disability pension • Universal essential health care

14. Constraints • Finance • The projected cost • around 2.2 per cent of GDP for Viet Nam and Pakistan to • 5 per cent for Kenya and Tanzania • 5.7 per cent for Nepal

15. Constraints • Finance • Limited administrative capacity • System design • MT/CCT X • MIG/U categorical  • Contracting out administration • Investment

16. Constraints • Finance • Limited administrative capacity • Corruption • Bribery • Nepotism • Evasion of tax and social security

17. Constraints • Finance • Limited administrative capacity • Corruption Philippines, 2005 • Collected only 26 per cent of contributions due for employees working in the formal sector

18. Constraints • Finance • Limited administrative capacity • Corruption India, 2001 • Improved enforcement resulted in addition of 116,000 enterprises 11.5 million workers to the Employees’ Provident Fund, 5.79 million of them first time members

19. Constraints • Finance • Limited administrative capacity • Corruption • Demographics Issues • Aging population

20. Constraints

21. Constraints • Finance • Limited administrative capacity • Corruption • Demographics • Informal economy Definitions • to activity that falls de facto or de jure out of the reach of law and social security

22. Constraints • Finance • Limited administrative capacity • Corruption • Demographics • Informal economy Conundrum • Without social security, point at which labour demand matches the supply of labour generates wages that are so low that they are at or below subsistence level. • The lack of social security perpetuates the dominance of the informal economy the characteristics of which inhibit the introduction of social security provision.

23. Innovation in social security provision • Penetrating the informal sector • Universal social pensions • Micro-insurance • Conditional cash transfers

24. Innovation in social security provision • Penetrating the informal sector • Universal social pensions • Micro-insurance • Conditional cash transfers Ghana Informal Sector Fund (SIS) 2008 • Principal goal: retirement income • Participants can use their savings as collateral, enabling them to access microcredit • Members can also withdraw part of their contributions • to cope with financial shocks, • school fees • health insurance premiums • other urgent expenses.

25. Innovation in social security provision • Penetrating the informal sector • Universal social pensions • Micro-insurance • Conditional cash transfers Mauritius • A universal non-contributory minimum income guarantee for older people (the Basic Retirement Pension). • Mandatory income-related pension schemes– the National Pension Fund (NPF) and the National Savings Fund (NSF) • Targeted voluntary schemes for persons not covered by above

26. Innovation in social security provision • Penetrating the informal sector • Universal social pensions • Micro-insurance • Conditional cash transfers Mauritius • A universal non-contributory minimum income guarantee for older people (the Basic Retirement Pension). • Mandatory income-related pension schemes– the National Pension Fund (NPF) and the National Savings Fund (NSF) • Targeted voluntary schemes for persons not covered by above

27. Innovation in social security provision • Penetrating the informal sector • Universal social pensions • Micro-credit/insurance • Conditional cash transfers Mugabi (2010), sample of 120 users in Iganga

28. Innovation in social security provision • Penetrating the informal sector • Universal social pensions • Micro-credit/insurance • Conditional cash transfers Mugabi (2010), sample of 120 users in Iganga

29. Innovation in social security provision II. National social protection floors 4. Members should put in place and complete as rapidly as possible, and maintain, their social protection floors comprising basic social security guarantees. The guarantees should ensure at a minimum that, over the life cycle, all in need have access : a) to essential health care and b) to basic income security which together secure effective access to goods and services defined as necessary at the national level. 101st Session of the International Labour Conference, 30 May - 14 June 2012

30. The Council for Frontiers of Knowledge 2012 Munyonyo, Kampala Social Policy and Development:A role for social security? • Development needs • Social Policy and Social Security Robert Walker

31. Constraints • Finance • Limited administrative capacity • Corruption • Demographics • Informal economy India, 2001 • Improved enforcement resulted in addition of • 116,000 enterprises • 11.5 million workers to the Employees’ Provident Fund, • 5.79 million of them first time members

32. Constraints • Finance • Limited administrative capacity • Corruption • Informal economy • Demographics Issues • Aging population • Migration

33. Provision in Uganda ILO (2010b), World Social Security Report 2010/11: Providing Coverage in Times of Crisis and Beyond, Geneva: ILO.