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THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE. 2-1 THE NATURE OF MATTER. LIVING THINGS ARE MADE FROM CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS. ATOM – BASIC UNIT OF MATTER -ATOMS ARE MADE OF SMALLER PARTICLES CALLED – SUBATOMIC PARTICLES. SUBATOMIC PARTICLES:. PROTONS – POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES NEUTRONS – HAVE NO CHARGE

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THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

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  1. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

  2. 2-1 THE NATURE OF MATTER • LIVING THINGS ARE MADE FROM CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS. • ATOM –BASIC UNIT OF MATTER -ATOMS ARE MADE OF SMALLER PARTICLES CALLED –SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

  3. SUBATOMIC PARTICLES: • PROTONS – POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES • NEUTRONS –HAVE NO CHARGE • PROTONS AND NEUTRONS TOGETHER MAKE UP THE MASS OF THE ATOM • ELECTRONS – HAVE A NEGATIVE CHARGE

  4. MODEL SHOWING SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

  5. ELEMENTS AND ISOTOPES • ELEMENT – A PURE SUBSTANCE THAT CONSISTS OF JUST ONE KIND OF ATOM -EXAMPLES: HYDROGEN – H SODIUM – Na MAGNESIUM - Mg

  6. An Element in the Periodic Table Section 2-1 6 C Carbon 12.011

  7. ISOTOPES – ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT WITH DIFFERENT # OF NEUTRONS - EXAMPLE : CARBON – 12, 13, 14 - ISOTOPES HAVE THE SAME # OF e- SO THEY HAVE THE SAME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

  8. RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES – HAVE UNSTABLE NUCLEI AND BREAK DOWN AT A CONSTANT RATE OVER TIME - USES: DETERMINE AGE OF ROCKS AND FOSSILS, TREAT CANCER, KILL BACTERIA

  9. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS • COMPOUND: SUBSTANCE FORMED BY CHEMICALLY COMBINING TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS IN DEFINITE PROPORTIONS -EXAMPLES – WATER –H2O, SALT – NaCl, CARBON DIOXIDE – CO2

  10. CHEMICAL BONDS • TWO MAIN TYPES OF BONDS: • IONIC – TRANSFER OF e- -EX. – SEE PAGE 38 NaCl • COVALENT – SHARING OF e- -EX. – SEE PAGE 38 H2O -MOLECULE – WHEN ATOMS JOIN TOGETHER BY COVALENT BONDS

  11. 2-2 PROPERTIES OF WATER • WATER IS A POLAR MOLECULE. THAT IS, IT HAS AN UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF e- BETWEEN THE OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN ATOMS • WATER IS COHESIVE. ATTRACTION BETWEEN MOLECULES OF SAME SUB. • WATER IS ADHESIVE. ATTRACTION BETWEEN MOLECULES OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES

  12. SOLUTIONS AND SUSPENSIONS • MIXTURE – A MATERIAL COMPOSED OF TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS PHYSICALLY MIXED -EX – AIR, SAND AND WATER, SALT AND WATER

  13. SOLUTIONS • SOLUTION – MIXTURE WHERE PARTICLES ARE EVENLY DISTRIBUTED TWO PARTS: -SOLUTE – SUB. THAT IS DISSOLVED -SOLVENT –DOES THE DISSOLVING

  14. SUSPENSION • SUSPENSION – MIXTURE OF WATER AND SUBSTANCES THAT DO NOT DISSOLVE -EX. – SAND AND WATER, BLOOD

  15. ACIDS, BASES, AND pH • ACID – ANY COMPOUND THAT FORMS H+ IN SOLUTION • BASE – COMPOUNDS THAT PRODUCE HYDROXIDE (OH-) IN SOLUTION

  16. pH SCALE

  17. 2-3 CARBON COMPOUNDS • Carbon’s structure – HAS FOUR VALENCE ELECTRONS A carbon atom can bond to other carbon atoms TO FORM CHAINS OR RINGS

  18. MACROMOLECULES • Macromolecules mean GIANT MOLECULES -monomers – SMALL UNITS -polymers – LARGE UNITS Four groups of organic compounds found in living things:CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, PROTEINS

  19. CARBOHYDRATES • Made up of CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN • Gives us ENERGY and used for STRUCTURAL PURPOSES • Monomer - SUGARS -simple sugars are called MONOSACCHARIDES -some examples are GLUCOSE, GALACTOSE, FRUCTOSE

  20. Figure 2-13 A Starch Section 2-3 Starch Glucose

  21. CARBOHYDRATES • Polymer - STARCHES -monosaccharides join together to form POLYSACCHARIDES -some examples are: GLYCOGEN - animal starch STARCH - what plants use for energy CELLULOSE - give plants strength

  22. LIPIDS • Lipids are made mostly from CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN -some examples are FATS, OILS, AND WAXES -saturated – NO DOUBLE BONDS BUTTER -unsaturated – HAS DOUBLE OR TRIPLE BONDS - OLIVE OIL

  23. LIPIDS • Function of lipids: STORE ENERGY, INSULATION, MAKE UP MEMBRANES -another example - STEROIDS which function as CHEMICAL MESSENGERS

  24. NUCLEIC ACIDS • Nucleic acids contain CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, AND PHOSPHORUS -building blocks are called NUCLEOTIDES -3 parts: 5-CARBON SUGAR PHOSPHATE GROUP NITROGEN BASE

  25. NUCLEIC ACIDS • Function of nucleic acids: STORE AND TRANSMIT HEREDITARY OR GENETIC INFORMATION • Two types: DNA AND RNA

  26. PROTEINS • Proteins contain CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN -building blocks – AMINO ACIDS - 20 different kinds

  27. PROTEINS • Function of proteins: • CONTROL RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION • REGULATE CELL PROCESSES • FORM BONE AND MUSCLE • TRANSPORT SUBSTNACES • FIGHT DISEASE

  28. 2-4 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND ENZYMES • Chemical reaction – PROCESS THAT CHANGES ONE SET OF CHEMICALS INTO ANOTHER -two parts: REACTANTS - enter reaction PRODUCTS - produced by reaction

  29. CHEMICAL REACTIONS • AN EXAMPLE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION: CO2 + H2O -- H2CO3 CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER YIELDS CARBONIC ACID

  30. ENZYMES • CATALYST – SUBSTANCE THAT SPEEDS UP A CHEMICAL REACTION -enzymes are BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS -enzymes SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN CELLS

  31. ENZYME ACTION • For a chemical reaction to take place, THE REACTANTS MUST COLLIDE WITH EACH OTHER TO BREAK THE BONDS -SUBSTRATES are what the enzyme breaks down or builds up -the site where an enzyme and substrate meet is called the ACTIVE SITE

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