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1975-1991 Demography

The Challenge of Population Growth. 1975-1991 Demography. Demographic Transition. The population of Europe almost doubled between 1850 and 1914 Put pressure on rural land to produce enough food, and on urban housing & institutions Forced migrations to the west, developing the Americas

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1975-1991 Demography

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  1. The Challenge of Population Growth 1975-1991 Demography

  2. Demographic Transition • The population of Europe almost doubled between 1850 and 1914 • Put pressure on rural land to produce enough food, and on urban housing & institutions • Forced migrations to the west, developing the Americas • Thomas Malthus: population growth will exceed food production; we will starve

  3. Demographic Transition • However, population growth slowed after WWII (minus baby boom in US) • Cultural changes: female employment, later age of childbearing, fewer kids, family planning, older age of marriage • Lower # births in developed countries, high # births in developing ones = almost zero population growth • In developing nations, they actually encouraged large families to grow population, increasing their power • But the economies of the 70s and 80s shocked their countries and power did not come

  4. Negative Population Growth: Europe

  5. Reasons for Developing Demographics • Fertility is declining in developing areas now • HIV/AIDS • Poorly funded public health • Still higher rates than developed countries • Ethnicities from developing countries, living in developed countries, still experiencing high birth rates—cultural? • Culture dictates some aspects of fertility—which ethnicities have the most kids?

  6. Industrialized Countries • Current fertility levels are so low, in some countries, without immigration, population will seriously decline • Japan: avg. # kids is 1.39; Italy: 1.2 • Some European countries give tax incentives for children • Life expectancy is increasing as fertility is dropping—people staying around longer • Happening more slowly in US—immigration

  7. Scary Demography • 95% of all future population growth will be in developing nations • Muslim, African, and South American countries are growing fastest • India and China continue to grow—they contain 1/3 of the world’s population in 2 countries • Over ½ Pakistan’s population is under 16

  8. Results • Growing gap between rich and poor • 1 billion people live on less than $500 a year; concentrated in Africa, Latin America, and Asia • Growing gap within nations as well; regional • The wealthiest 1% in the US own 30% of the nation’s wealth; our poorest live on less than $5000 a year • Environmental threats from population boom; agricultural and industrial expansion • Developing countries hit hardest with this, forcing industrialization • Efforts to improve environment have been moderately successful in developed countries • Collapse—Jared Diamond strikes back…

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