EOC Test Preparation: Birth of a Nation

1. EOC Test Preparation: Birth of a Nation

2. American Revolution • Causes • Mercantilism: countries grow wealthier through exporting more than they import • Navigation Acts: required colonies to sell certain goods only to England • French and Indian War • Taxes: Stamp Act

3. American Revolution • French and Indian War (1754) • French settlers had made alliances with Native Americans • Tensions arose between British colonists and French and NA • 9 years of fighting, France lost • Gave up all territory in Canada and lands east of Miss. R.

4. American Revolution • Tensions Rise Between Colonists and British • GB held colonists responsible for war debt, forced to pay more taxes • Writs of assistance: general search warrants that allowed British authorities to search for whatever, whenever • Native Americans were attacking colonists, so King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763 • Colonists could not settle west of the App. Mnts.

6. American Revolution • Tensions (cont.) • 1760s: Parliament passes series of laws and taxes • Quartering Act • Stamp Act • Stamp Act Congress • James Otis: No taxation w/o representation • Colonists boycott British goods • Sons of Liberty: sometimes violent • GB cancelled the law • Declaratory Act: Parliament had authority to impose laws on colonies

7. American Revolution • Tensions (cont) • 1767: Parliament passes Townshend Acts • Tax on imported goods (glass and tea) • Troops had to be sent to Boston to stop protests • Boston Massacre • March 1770-mob of protesters are fired on and several are left dead

8. The Revolutionary Cause • Salutary neglect caused Americans to want more control • Dec. 1773: colonists dressed as Mohawks and raided ships hauling tea and goods into the Boston Harbor • Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts: • Parliament’s response to Boston Tea Party • Military governor over Mass. • Expanded Canadian border to take land away from Colonists

10. The Revolutionary Cause • Nearly every colony sent a representative in Sept. 1774 to the First Continental Congress • Want to be represented in British gov. • Lexington and Concord • April 1775 • British troops were going to seize arms stored by colonists in Mass. • Met by colonial militia • “Shot heard ‘round the world”

11. The Revolutionary Cause • Second Continental Congress met to discuss what to do next • Thomas Paine (1776) and Common Sense • Independence

12. Declaration of Independence • June 1776 • Thomas Jefferson drafted the document • Egalitarianism-all men are created equal • Inalienable rights: life, liberty, pursuit of happiness

13. Declaration of Independence • After signing the document, 13 states were official and made their own state constitutions • Declaration eventually formed the foundation of the Constitution • What were the ethical issues of the Declaration??

14. The War for Independence • British did not believe it would be a long way • Strong army and navy • Americans were more motivated to win and were fighting at home, not abroad • If they lost, what would happen to the leaders of the American side??

15. The War for Independence • Loyalists vs. Patriots • Loyalists were loyal to the British King • Many southerners due to economics • Patriots supported fight for independence

16. The War for Independence • Battle of Bunker Hill • Serious fighting between Americans and British • British won but suffered serious casualties • George Washington • Commander of the Continental Army • Washington not successful at first • Odds were against him • First big victory in Dec. 1776: crossed the Delaware River on Christmas and attacked the Hessians in Trenton, NJ • Moved on to another surprise attack at Princeton

18. The War for Independence • North • Saratoga, NY • General Horatio Gates led the US to victory • Convinced French to help the US • Valley Forge • Harsh winter for Continental Army in PA • Many men died, but surviving the winter made men more determined to win and gain more training

19. The War for Independence • South • SC won a big victory in Charleston against British navy • Palmetto tree • But by 1780, British had captured Charleston and Savannah • General Lord Corwallis sought to invade NC following win at Camden • But Patriots were victorious at Kings Mountain and Cowpens

21. The War for Independence • South (cont.) • Francis Marion (Swamp Fox) and Thomas Sumter (Gamecock) each led their own groups of guerilla forces • Attacked British • Cornwallis did invade NC eventually • Nathanael Greene led US forces to VA and tired out Cornwallis and supplies • Battle of Guilford Courthouse (Greensboro): British won but at a huge cost

22. The War for Independence • Yorktown • After Greensboro, Cornwallis needed supplies and marched forces north of Yorktown, VA • Washington marched south to trap him between the 2 sides of the Continental Army • French navy blockaded British ships that were attempting to rescue Cornwallis • Oct. 19, 1781: Cornwallis surrendered • Basically the end of the war

23. Establishing a Government • Articles of Confederation • Nation’s first set of laws • Limited central gov. • Confederation would have more power • Ratified in 1781, failed b/c it did not give enough power to fed. Gov. • For any law passed by Congress to be final: 9/13 states had to agree • Rare

24. Establishing a Government • Articles of Confederation (cont.) • Congress had to ask states for $, couldn’t raise taxes • Impossible to create a national military • Following the war, US experienced an economic crisis • Depression, currency was very low, $ was scarce, falling farm prices meant ppl. Couldn’t pay off loans

25. Establishing a Government • Shays Rebellion • Daniel Shay led a rebellion due to Mass. Taxes despite the depression • No national military to put down rebellion, Mass. Had to deal with it on their own. • Showed the states that Articles needed to be revised

26. Constitutional Convention • US Constitution created in 1787 • Convention was meant to revise Articles, instead they scraped the document and started over • Not perfect... • Great Compromise • Randolph and James Madison of VA introduced the VA Plan: • Fed. Gov. made up of 3 branches • 2 houses made up of representatives based off of population • NJ Plan: • 3 branches but one house and each state got one vote • CT Compromise/Great Compromise: • 3 branches • Senate: 2 seats • House of Representatives: based off of state population

28. Constitutional Convention • Three-Fifths Compromise • Issue with population when it came to slaves • How would they be counted?

29. Constitutional Convention • Slave Trade Compromise • Northerners who opposed slavery agreed to allow it to continue for 20 years • After, Congress would impose regulation • Bill of Rights • First 10 amendments

30. Constitutional Convention • Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists • Feds: strong central gov, supported the Constitution • Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay • Loose interpretation • Federalist Papers • Won the most support • Anti: opposed and wanted stronger state gov. • Thomas Jefferson • Strict interpretation

31. Political Conflicts • Hamilton’s Economic Plan • Lots of debt, value of currency was low • Proposed that fed. Gov. take on state debts that were due to the war • Raise revenue and strengthen economy by: • establishing an excise tax on whiskey and imports (tariffs), • Start a national bank

32. Political Conflicts • Thomas Jefferson went against Hamilton’s plan • Gov. had to follow what was strictly written in Constitution • Hamilton argued that the “necessary and proper clause” of the Constitution gave the government the right to charter a bank.

33. Political Conflicts • Southerners opposed Hamilton’s plan due to tariffs and didn’t want to pay for other states’ debts. • Whiskey tax unpopular in PA, MD, VA, NC • Whiskey Rebellion (1794) • Won’t pay tax, rebelled violently • President Washington sent military force • People felt like fed. Gov. was too strong

34. Political Parties Emerge • Washington's farewell speech: • US should stay neutral, no alliances • Gov. should be based off of religion and morality • Political parties were dangerous • Federalist Party: strong national gov, upper classes should have the power, business over agriculture. • Hamilton • Democratic-Republicans: stronger state gov., favor interests of small farmers and debtors • Thomas Jefferson

35. Political Party Issues • Fear of getting entangled in foreign wars, as well as foreign wars influencing Americans causing more rebellion • Naturalization Act • Alien Act • Sedition Act • Voting restrictions

36. Political Party Issues • VA and KY Resolutions • If a state believed a federal law to be unconstitutional, did not have to obey or enforce it • Doctrine of Nullification

37. Sections of the Constitution • Preamble and Article I • Preamble: first sentence • First article: established the legislative branch and it’s roles • Article II • Established the executive branch • Impeachment • Electoral College • Article III • Established the judicial branch • Articles are followed by 27 amendments

38. Sections of the Constitution • Bill of Rights • First 10 Amendments • 1st: PRAPS • 2nd: Right to bear arms • 3rd: restricts quartering of troops • 4th: protects against unreasonable search and seizure • 5th: cannot be imprisoned/deprived of property without due process • 6th: Rights of accused • 7th: Trial by jury for civil cases • 8th: Rights for those found guilty of a crime • 9th: More rights exist besides these listed • 10th: anything not specifically listed becomes a state power