“Accurate environmental information is critical to operational success”

1. Operational Urban Mesonet-Driven Model for Homeland Defense ApplicationsSituational Awareness for Emergency Services ... Mark C. Beaubien, Sr. Engineer mcb@yesinc.com “Accurate environmental information is critical to operational success”

2. The Problem • Weather conditions affect plume dispersion • Metropolitan scale met prediction capability limited both in training and real time data • Real time data not in a usable format for command and control purposes (METAR) • Legacy weather systems inadequate for real time decision making (e.g. evacuation)

3. Current Situation: Insufficient granularity of measurements 2D Satellite Data feeds 3D Numerical Weather Models“sparse matrix problem, poorly bounded”

4. Total Sky Imager • cloud motion • % cloud cover • visibility • 500-5000’ Multi-Sensor Real Time Profiling of the Battlespace Atmosphere • GPS radiosonde • upper air winds • PTU • 1000-100,000’ • Wind Lidar • surface winds • outside wake • 0-1000’

5. Weather Web Core Sensor Technology Joint Battlespace Infosphere “Sensor Cloud”

6. YESDAQ Fixed-Base Network of MultipleSensorTypes

7. Weather Web Network Data Architecture Application-Specific Sensors Deployed in the fieldACQUIRE Remote Database Stores in the Field Provide RedundancySTORE Centralized Replicated Database at Command CenterCOMMUNICATE Data Links to Numerical Weather Prediction and other Downstream Command and Decision ApplicationsDECIDE AND ACT

8. Logistics for Metropolitan Scale Networks Who are the data stakeholders? Who owns the site real estate? Who owns the equipment? Who maintains the equipment? Who physically controls the sites?

10. Planning the Network

11. Weather Web Test Bed - 2000 S2 S2 S2 Landfill 610 ft Clarksburg SF 2283 ft S2 Mt Ramier 2560 ft Williamstown Taconic SP 1540 ft S1 North Adams Hariman-West Airport 653 ft S2 Notch Road 1870 ft S2 South Williamstown High School 925 ft S1 Mt Greylock 3491 ft Adams

12. Met Sensor Node - 2001 Sonic Anemometer (Surface winds) YES MET-2010 DCsupply (PTH) YES TSI-880 (Present weather, sky, precip, visibility)

13. Optional RAD-7001 Nuclear Radiation Detector GPS Satellites Wind speeddirectionSensor CPU EEPROM A/D Converter Pressure,Temperature, %Humidity, Sensors FM FSK transmitter GPS Engine (time/position) RF Amplifier Xmit RF Antenna 1.5 GHz GPS recv Antenna Sensor Node 2004

14. TMS-7200

15. Real Time Display

16. Total Sky Imager Animated Panoramic Horizon View Animation Controls Raw Image View National Weather ServiceAlbany, NY Model TSI-880 imager

17. Inferring winds from cloud motion

18. ASRC “REAL TIME” MOHAWK 0:00 0:01 0:02 0:03 1 mile separation

19. ASRC “TIME SHIFT -3 min” MOHAWK 0:00 0:01 0:02 0:03

20. In-situ Upper Air GPS Radiosonde MERV ARL “FORCE PROTECTION”

21. Optical Fiber Wind Lidar Lidar: Light Detection and Ranging • Same as Radar only done at Light frequencies • Light Source is typically a monochromatic Laser • When Sensing Environmental Parameters: LIDAR • When Sensing or Imaging “Hard Targets”: LADAR(Laser Detection and Ranging) Environmental "Hard Target" Element (Smoke, Cloud, etc.) Laser Light Source Optics (Telescope) Scattered/Reflected Light Electronic Amplification Optical Data Reduction Detector and Display

22. Soft Target Tracking: Vector-Resolved Winds

23. Hard Target Tracking: of Smoke Plumes

24. Lidar Data: Hard and Soft Target Data Examples

25. Lidar Data: Tracking Precipitation and Hydrosols Fog/Drizzle/Rain Snow/Sleet Spectral Signature Extraction & Distribution Analysis

26. RF link advantages vs. telco • Rapid setup • No long term recurring costs • Reliability • Flexibility if stations must move

27. Summary • Yankee develops and produces precision meteorological instrumentation and systems • Weather Web - A rapidly deployable network of expendable meteorological sensors • Weather Web Test Successful in Boston @DNC • TMS Met sensor linked with HPAC

28. Single Point Access to Environmental Data