Cogsci/Psychology 127: Lecture 15 Taxonomic and Computational Perspectives of Memory

1. Cogsci/Psychology 127: Lecture 15 Taxonomic and Computational Perspectives of Memory

2. Announcements 1. Critique due Wednesday, Oct. 29th 2. Ivry gone next week (great guest lectures!)

3. Brain Structures Associated with Amnesia Cerebral Cortex: Specific memory deficits Working memory deficits and prefrontal cortex Alzheimer’s disease Anterograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is pronounced and becomes worse with time. Cortical and subcortical pathology

4. Brain Structures Associated with Amnesia • Cerebral Cortex: • Specific memory deficits • Working memory deficits and prefrontal cortex • Alzheimer’s disease • Diencephalon: thalamus and mammilary bodies • Korsakoff’s Disease

5. Korsokoff’s Disease Video 15.1 Starts at 1:28:15 (times may be a bit off) 1:28:15 – 1:33:10 Orientation, converse, Margolin gives truth SKIP 1:33:15 – 1:35:15 Health and drinking discussion 1:35:15 – 1:36:20 Word list memory test SKIP 1:36:20 – 1:37:55 First round of recall 1:37:55 – 1:41:45 Recall up thru Margolin’s concurrence Times based on Alz Cue at 14.1 =0 15:30 (start) – 20:20 Orientation, converse, Margolin gives truth Skip 20:20 – 22:20 Health discussion + drinking discussion 22:20 – 23:25 Word list memory test Skip 23:25 - 25:00 First round of recall 25:00 – 28:50 Recall and end when Margolin concurs DVD 15.1 Chapter 42, (NOTE: DVD has trouble finding 15.1) 1:28:05 - 1:33:00 Orientation, converse, Margolin gives truth 1:33:00 - 1:35:00 Optional discussion of health and drinking SKIP: 1:35:00 - 1:36:05 Word list memory test 1:36:10 - 1:37:40 Optional first round of recall 1:37:45 - 1:41:30 Recall and end when Margolin concurs (end of 15.1)

6. Brain Structures Associated with Amnesia • Cerebral Cortex: • Specific memory deficits • Working memory deficits and prefrontal cortex • Alzheimer’s disease • Diencephalon: thalamus and mammilary bodies • Korsakoff’s disease • Anterograde amnesia is especially severe. • Can also have some retrograde amnesia.

7. Normal Brain Magnification of mammilary bodies in Korsakoff’s

8. Brain Structures Associated with Amnesia • Cerebral Cortex: • Specific memory deficits (e.g., anomia, agnosia) • Working memory deficits and prefrontal cortex • Alzheimer’s disease (and basal forebrain system) • Diencephalon: thalamus and mammilary bodies • e.g., Korsakoff’s disease • Medial temporal lobe region • Hippocampus and surrounding cortex

9. Medial Temporal Lobe Region

10. Brain Structures Associated with Amnesia • Cerebral Cortex: • Specific memory deficits (e.g., anomia, agnosia) • Alzheimer’s disease (and basal forebrain system) • Diencephalon: thalamus and mammilary bodies • e.g., Korsokoff’s disease • Medial temporal lobe region • Hippocampus and surrounding cortex • e.g., hypoxia, herpes encephalitis, Patient HM

11. Features of HM’s Amnesia No significant change in language abilities, personality, general cognitive status. High IQ (118) after surgery Relatively spared retrograde amnesia Could recall incidents from distant and recent past. Severe anterograde amnesia!!! Needs new introductions to researchers even after 40 years Father’s death Two meals http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7584970 National Public Radio broadcast on Feb 24, 2007

12. Lessons from HM (and anterograde amnesia) Dissociation of short and long-term retention HM showed short-term learning if allowed continuous rehearsal. Remembered the number 594 for 15 minutes when uninterrupted. "It's easy. You just remember 8. You see 5, 8 and 4 add to 17. You remember 8, subtract it from 17 and it leaves 9. Divide 9 in half and you get 5 and 4 and there you are: 594."

13. Lessons from HM (and anterograde amnesia) Dissociation of short and long-term retention Dissociation of memory formation (learning) and long-term memory retention. Shift away from search for location of memory. Shift toward focus on processes involved in memory formation.

14. Lessons from HM (and anterograde amnesia) Dissociation of short and long-term retention Dissociation between memory formation and retention. Dissociation of implicit and explicit memory. Learning without awareness.

15. Visuomotor Learning: Mirror drawing Complex Skills Perceptual Priming

16. Amnesia studies demonstrate distinction between knowledge and performance. Ability to access knowledge can be severely impaired. Indirect tests may indicate that performance shows benefits of practice (learning). Similar to perception and attention studies.

17. A Taxonomy of Memory Semantic Episodic Knowledge Performance

18. Memory as a Composite Representation: Golden Boy Pizza

19. Memory as a Composite Representation: Golden Boy Pizza “Golden Boy is an unassuming by-the-slice pizza place in North Beach, perfect for late-night beer-ballasting. The decor brings to mind one of those 1950s mobile homes turned inside out: long and narrow, stainless steel all over… In we go, past a couple of Haight babies talking tongue studs, a rockabilly dude mooning over his Bettie Page… The counterman appears with two thick slices steaming on the end of his spatula. Same basket? he asks… Knives and forks in red plastic baskets, cutting the crust into bites… The pizza's crispy and chewy and delicious. She feeds herself a pepperoni off her slice, looks at me and then sucks the tips of her fingers. Her lips are red with pepperoni oil. We're both breathing hard...”

20. Green St. 1st Visit Tossing Neon Salivating to SF Dough Sign to smell North Late Night Breathing Hard… Beach Golden Boy Pizza Rich Blogger

21. Taxonomic view of memory: Emphasis on multiple types of memory. Distributed representations (between and within types) Provides structure to think about role of different brain regions associated with memory and learning.

22. Medial Temporal Lobe and Memory Acquisition MTL patients fail to acquire new explicit memories. MTL active during (declarative) memory acquisition. MTL activity is correlated with memory performance. Intracortical recordings in surgery patients Local field potentials Forgotten Event-Related fMRI Remembered

23. Medial temporal lobe region associated with acquisition of declarative memory MTL Dependent MTL Independent

24. Medial temporal lobe region associated with acquisition of declarative memory MTL Dependent MTL Independent Description!

25. Medial temporal lobe region associated with acquisition of declarative memory Descriptive account Consolidation Theory MTL, and in particular, hippocampus, is part of network for developing associations between representations in different cortical areas. A process model.

26. Consolidation Theory

27. Consolidation Theory of MTL and Memory Acquisition Hippocampus is part of network for developing associations between representations in different cortical areas. Accounts for -- role of MTL region in acquisition of new (declarative) memories -- dissociation of retro- and anterograde amnesia

28. Computational Implications of Consolidation Theory Relationship to hippocampal role in spatial memory. Initial links might be episode-specific. First time to Golden Boy. With reactivation of similar events, transition to semantic memory. Generic knowledge of Golden Boy.

29. Computational Implications of Consolidation Theory Relationship to hippocampal role in spatial memory. Provides process-based account of the kinds of memory that should be spared following MTL lesions: Changes that occur within a cortical region Priming: Local reactivation of perceptual trace. Motor Skills: Associations of successive motor commands within primary and/or secondary motor areas.

30. Computational Implications of Consolidation Theory Relationship to hippocampal role in spatial memory. Provides process-based account of the kinds of memory that should be spared following MTL lesions. Novel predictions of impairments in implicit learning associated with MTL lesions. 1. Context (cross-dimensional) learning

31. Find the T L L L L L T L L L L L

33. Find the T L T L L L L L L L L L

35. Find the T L L L L L T L L L L L

36. L L L L L T L L L L L Find the T Two types of perceptual learning: 1) Discriminating T’s from L’s 2) Red T’s usually occur in particular locations. Location-based priming

37. RT decline assumed to reflect learning of shape discrimination New vs. Old: Context Effect • Dissociation of two types of implicit learning in amnesics • Improved shape discrimination is normal • Context effect is absent, yet controls unaware of this manipulation.

38. Computational differences between memories involving medial temporal lobe and those that do not require MTL. Non-MTL Based MemoryMTL Memory unidimensional can be multidimensional (contextual memory) representation has local representation can neural extent be distributed over multiple neural regions outside awareness accessible to awareness (but not required)