Music Theory 101

1. Music Theory 101 Snack Theatre 2014

2. Quick Review – Staff, Clef, System • A staff is made up of five horizontal lines and four spaces • A clef is a musical symbol placed at the beginning of the staff that determines the letter names of the lines and spaces. • The two main clefs are the treble and the bass: • A single vertical line drawn to the left of multiple staffs creates a grand staff and a system, indicating that the music on all the staffs is to be played/sung at the same time. Treble Clef(TOP) Bass Clef(BOTTOM) Treble Clef Bass Clef

3. Quick Review – Bar Lines, Repeats • A measure or bar line refers to the vertical lines drawn through the staff to mark off metrical units. • A double bar-line can consist of two single bar-lines drawn close together, separating two sections within a piece, OR a bar-line followed by a thicker bar-line, indicating the end of a piece. • A repeat sign looks like the music end, but it has two dots, one above the other, indicating that the section of music that is before is to be repeated. The beginning of the repeated passage can be marked by a begin-repeat sign; if this is absent the repeat returns to the beginning of the piece or movement. A B C D F H E G

4. Notes • Each type of note has a specific look and a specific duration: • A note value may be augmented by adding a dot after it. This dot adds the next lower note value, making it one and a half times its original duration. “one and two and three and four and…” “one ee and ah, two ee and ah, three ee and ah, four ee and ah…” 1 beat + ½ beat = 1.5 beats 2 beats + 2/2 beats = 3 beats

5. Triplets and Syncopation • Triplets - Whereas normally two quarter notes are the same duration as a half note, three triplet quarter notes total that same duration. Similarly, three triplet eighth notes are equal in duration to one quarter note. • Syncopation - A shift of accent in a passage or composition that occurs when a normally weak beat is stressed.

6. Time Signatures • Time signatures indicate the meter the song is in which indicate how many beats are in each measure and which note value constitutes one beat. • Simple time signatures consist of two numerals, one stacked above the other: • the lower numeral indicates the note value which represents one beat (4 = quarter, 8 = eighth, 1 = whole, etc) • the upper numeral indicates how many such beats there are in a bar For instance, 2 / 4 means two quarter-note beats per measure 6 / 8 means six eighth-note beats per measure - often felt in “2” (1,2,3) + (1,2,3) • A is sometimes used to refer to 4 / 4 time • The most common time signatures that we will deal with are

7. Rhythms and Syncopation Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

8. Pitches • Pitches are named after the first seven letters of the alphabet(A B C D E F G) and follow that same order for both treble and bass clef. • Some standard acronyms to help remember the notes on a staff are: • The smallest interval used is the half step. A visual representation of a half step would be the distance between a consecutive white and black note on the piano. There are two exceptions to this rule, as two natural half steps occur between the notes E and F, and B and C. A whole step is made up of two half steps. • Letter names are modified by the accidentals. A sharp raises a note by a half-step, and a flat lowers it by the same amount. A natural is an accidental which cancels previous accidentals and represents the unaltered pitch of a note A flat, C sharp, A natural

9. Pitches – Application • G# • Ab • C natural • Bb • D# • E#

10. Pitches – Answers • G# • Ab • C natural • Bb • D# • E#

11. Key Signatures • A key signature is a series of sharp or flat symbols placed on the staff, that are to be consistently played one 1/2 step higher or lower than the equivalent natural notes. • Key signatures are generally written immediately after the clef at the beginning of a line • A key signature will have either sharps or flats, but there will not be any key signatures with both. • To determine the key based on the key signature: • If the key signature has sharps, look at the position of the last sharp and raise it by a half-step to get the key. For example, if the last sharp is C, raise it a half step which is D, the key is D major. • When the key signature has flats, look at the second to the last flat and you get the key. So for example A flat is the second to the last flat sign in the key signature, this means the music is in A flat major. • The exception to this rule is F major because it only has one flat and C major because it has no flats or sharps. 1. 2. 3. 4 . 5. 6. 7. 8.

12. Intervals • Intervals are the distance between two notes • Major intervals • M2 – Happy Birthday, Silent Night • M3 – I Could Have Danced All Night, When the Saints Go Marching In • P4 – Here Comes The Bride, Taps • M5 – Star Wars Theme, Twinkle Twinkle • M6 – NBC Theme, My Bonnie Lies Over the Ocean • M7 – Bali Hai, • M8 (octave) – Somewhere Over the Rainbow • Minor intervals • m2 – Jaws • m3 – O Canada, So Long, Farewell, Doorbell min 2nd Maj 2nd min 3rd Maj 3rd Perfect 4th Aug 4th Dim 5th Perf 5th min 6th Maj 6th min 7 Maj 7 Octave

13. Reading an octavo • Bei Mir Bist du Schon • Title • Page Number • Style/Tempo Description • Music Part (SATB, SSA, SAB, 2 – Part) • Dynamics • “rit.” • “unison” • Measure number – boxed and unboxed • Breath marks • Fermata • Breaks

14. Codas • Coda (Italian for "tail") designates a passage that brings a piece/movement to an end. It may be as simple as a few measures, or as complex as an entire section. • Da Capo meaning from the beginning. It is often abbreviated D.C. • Dal Segno meaning from the sign. It is often abbreviated D.S Segno Coda

15. Codas • Da Capo al Fine (D.C. al Fine): repeat from beginning to the end (or up to the word fine, should that appear at the end of the passage – the word fine itself signifying “end”). • Dal Segno al Fine (D.S. al Fine): repeat from beginning to the end (or up to the word fine should that appear at the end of the passage – the word fine itself signifying “end”).

16. Codas • Da Capo al Coda (D.C. al Coda): repeat from beginning to an indicated place and then play the tail part (the coda). • Dal Segno al Coda (D.S. al Coda): instructs the musician to repeat back to the sign, and when Al coda or To coda is reached jump to the coda symbol

17. Addendum

18. Reading An Octavo • Title • Page Number • Repeat Beginning • Repeat Ending • Dynamics • Measure Number • Chord • Time Signature • Key Signature • Staccato • “Slide” • Treble Clef • Bass Clef • Tempo

19. Reading An Octavo • Title • Page Number • Repeat Beginning • Repeat Ending • Dynamics • Measure Number • Chord • Time Signature • Key Signature • Staccato • “Slide” • Treble Clef • Bass Clef • Tempo

20. Dynamics • Dynamics refers to the volume of a note/piece/sound • The two basic dynamic indications in music are: • p or piano, meaning "soft" • f  or forte, meaning "loud" • More subtle degrees of loudness or softness are indicated by: • mp, standing for mezzo-piano, meaning "moderately soft" • mf, standing for mezzo-forte, meaning "moderately loud“ • pp “pianissimo” meaning “very soft” • ff “fortissimo” meaning “very loud” • Two Italian words are used to show gradual changes in volume. Crescendo, abbreviated cresc., translates as "gradually becoming louder", and diminuendo, abbreviated dim., means "gradually becoming softer". The alternate decrescendo, abbreviated to decresc., also means "gradually becoming softer“.

21. Tempo • Tempo (Italian for time) is the speed/pace of a given piece. • The tempo of a piece will typically be written at the start of a piece of music, and is usually indicated in beats per minute (BPM). This means that a particular note value (for example, a quarter note or crotchet) is specified as the beat, and the marking indicates that a certain number of these beats must be played per minute. The greater the tempo, the larger the number of beats that must be played in a minute is, and, therefore, the faster a piece must be played.  • Basic Tempo Markings: • Largo – broadly (40–50 BPM) • Adagio – slow/stately (literally, "at ease") (51–60 BPM) • Adagietto – rather slow (61–80 BPM) • Andante – at a walking pace (61–80 BPM) • Moderato – moderately (81–90 BPM) • Allegro – fast, quickly and bright (105–132 BPM) • Presto – very fast (168–177 BPM)

22. Changes In Tempo & Articulation • Accelerando – speeding up (abbreviation: accel.) • Rallentando – gradual slowing down (abbreviation: rall.) or broadening of tempo • Ritardando – slowing down gradually; (abbreviations: rit., ritard.) • Rubato – free adjustment of tempo for expressive purposes • a tempo – in time; return to the main tempo of the piece (often after an accelerando or ritardando, etc.) • Staccato (Italian for detached) signifies a note of shortened duration, separated from the note that may follow by silence. • Legato (Italian for "tied together") indicates that musical notes are played or sung smoothly and connected • Slur - a curved line used to indicate that notes should be interpretted as a phrase and often in one breath.