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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. Decisions. Outline and Objectives. Relational and Logical Operators If Blocks Select Case Blocks. Condition. A condition is a Boolean expression that can be either true or false Conditions can be formed by using the six Relational operators and the three Logical operators.

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 Decisions

  2. Outline and Objectives Relational and Logical Operators If Blocks Select Case Blocks

  3. Condition • A condition is a Boolean expression that can be either true or false • Conditions can be formed by using the six Relational operatorsand the three Logical operators

  4. Relational Operators

  5. Examples 1<=1 True 1 < 1 False 2 < 5 True 3 <> 3 False 0 < 3.5 True 5 <= 3 False

  6. Examples • Determine whether each of the following conditions is true or false • assume that: • a = 4, b = 3, c = “hello” , d = “bye” • (a+b) < 2 * a True • (Len(c) – b) = (a / 2) True

  7. Using Relational Operators on Strings • Computers use a special coding system to compare character strings called ANSI • With ANSI each character has a number associated with it, this number is called ANSI value of the character. • The ANSI values of characters are given in following table. (Appendix A) • You do not need to memorize the table • Just know the numbers, small and capital letters A= 65 a=97 sp=32 0=48

  8. 8

  9. Using Relational Operators on Strings • The string str1 is said to be less than the string str2 if str1 precedes str2alphabetically when using the ANSI (or ASCII) table • Two strings are compared working from left to right, character by character, to determine which one should precede the other.

  10. Example of Comparing Character Strings “Hope” < “Hopeful” “Chase” < “Chaz” True “ Cat” < “Cat” True “Pay” < “Pay “ True “Jones” <> “James” True True

  11. Example… • Determine whether the following condition is true or false • (assume that c = “hello” and d = “bye”) • c < (“good” & d) False

  12. Logical Operators • The result of a logical operator is also True or False • The three Logical Operators are: Not And Or

  13. Not • Not: Negates a single expression • Example: Suppose answ = “Y” Not (answ = “y”) is True

  14. And • Takes two expressions, returns True only if both expressions are evaluated as being true • Example: Suppose answ = “Y” • (answ = “Y”) And (answ = “y”) is False

  15. Or • Takes two expressions, returns true if either one of the expressions is evaluated as being true. • Example: Suppose answ = “Y” • (answ = “Y”) Or (answ = “y”) is True

  16. Note: • Not ( X And Y ) = Not X ORNot Y • Not ( X Or Y ) = Not X And Not Y Chapter 5 - Visual Basic Schneider 16

  17. Precedence • First, all Arithmetic operations are carried out • Then all expressions involving >, <, and = are evaluated to true or false • The logical operations are next applied in the order Not, then And, and Finally Or.

  18. Examples…

  19. Evaluate the following to True or False Assume a=4, b=3 • Print a*3-2=5-b False • Print a=b+3<=a+b True • Print not (a<2) or b<4 = a+b True • Print Not(a<b)=(a>=b+2) False Be careful about the priorities

  20. Notes • A Condition such as 2<n<5 (not a syntax error) but should never be used, because visual basic will not evaluate it as intended. • The correct condition is (2<n) And (n<5) • The following conditions are equivalent: • a<>b Not (a=b) • a>b Not (a<=b) • Not (n<m) (n>=m)

  21. Are these conditions equivalent? Chapter 5 - Visual Basic Schneider 22 Not(n<m); wrong n>m correct  n>=m (a=b) and (a<b); a<>b try a=4 b=5 Not ((a=b) or (a=c)) ; a<>b and a<>c Not (a>=b); (a<b) and not (a=b) a<b is enough

  22. Write an Exp equal to the negation of Chapter 5 - Visual Basic Schneider 23 • a>b a<b Or a=b a<=b • (a<b) and (c<>d) (a>=b) Or (c=d) • (a=b) or (a=d) (a<>b) and (a<>d) • Not ( (a=b) or (a>b) ) (a=b) or (a>b) • (a<> “”) and (a<b) and (len(a) < 5) (a =“”) Or (a>=b) Or (len(a)>=5)

  23. Types of Decision Structures • If Block Statement • Single alternative: If...Then • Compound alternative: If Then...Else • Select Case Statement

  24. Single Alternative Decision • An action is taken if the condition is true, otherwise the control goes to the next statement. • Syntax:If condition ThenactionEnd If • If condition is true, action is executed. Otherwise, action is skipped

  25. Example

  26. Example

  27. Compound Alternative Decision • Syntax IfconditionThen action1 Else action 2 End If

  28. Example

  29. Example

  30. Example

  31. Example If cond1 Then If cond2 Then action(s) End If End If If cond1 And cond2 Then action(s) End If This is easier to understand A confusing If Block

  32. Compound Alternative Decision Syntax Ifcondition1Then action1 ElseIfcondition2Then action 2 ElseIfcondittion3 Then action3 Else action4 End If This block statement searches for the first True condition, carries out its action, and then skips to the statement following end if. If none of the conditions is true, then else’s action is carried out. In general, an IF block can contain any number of ElseIf clauses.

  33. Example

  34. Single Line If Statement Syntax IfconditionThenaction There is no End If If the condition is true, the action will be executed If the condition is false, the (else) action will be taken

  35. Example

  36. Example

  37. Examples If 2 < n < 5 Then action(s) End If Wrong (not a compiler error) (n > 2) And (n < 5) If5 Then action(s) End If If n <> 0 then action(s) End if IfnThen action(s) End If If Not(n < m) Then action(s) End If Equivalent to If (n >= m) Then action End If

  38. The Select Case Block Similar to If statement Used instead of compound If statements Action is selected from a list of alternatives Avoids confusion of deeply nested If blocks

  39. Select Case Block (Syntax) Select Case selector Case value-list-1 action1 Case value-list-2 action2 ….. Case Else action of last resort End Select

  40. Select Case Block Each value-list contains one or more of the following types of items separated by a comma a constant a variable an expression an inequality sign preceded by Is and followed by a constant, variable, or expression a range expressed in the form a Tob, where a and b are constants, variables, or expressions.

  41. Example

  42. Example

  43. Example

  44. Example

  45. Example

  46. Example

  47. Example

  48. what is the output of the following code a = 3 b = 4 Select Case a = b Case 3 Print "A" Case 4 Print "B" Case 1 Print "C" Case 0 Print "D" End Select Answer: D

  49. what is the output of the following code a = "hello" Select Case a Case "apple" To "orange" Print "A" Case "Hello" Print "B" Case Is <= "z" Print "C" Case "hello" Print "D" End Select Answer: A

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