THE PATH TO REVOLUTION

1. THE PATH TO REVOLUTION

2. BRITISH RATIONALE: Temporary measure to gain time to devise more permanent solution to conflict between Indians and settlers Why does it become permanent? COLONIAL REACTION: See this as an attempt To “hem them in” & keep them under British control – will just disobey it led by…? Col. Washington: “…to quiet the minds of the Indians” Proclamation of 1763: Forbade colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains

3. BRITISH RATIONALE: Colonists should be taxed for costs of the empire at a rate comparable to levels of taxation for those in England COLONIAL REACTION: “No taxation without representation!” Britain has no right to tax for revenue without the colonists having representation in Parliament – put no credence in BR “virtual representation” SUGAR ACT 1764ANOTHER TAX ON SUGAR, BUT TO BE ENFORCED THIS TIME! George Grenville is new BR Prime Minister: vowed to end smuggling, corruption, inefficiency & enforce Navigation Acts • “Writs of assistance” authorized for BR officials to enforce • Smuggling trials in BR Admiralty Courts – no juries!

4. BRITISH RATIONALE: Requires colonists to pay in currency – “gold or silver,” rather than inflated colonial paper currency COLONIAL REACTION: Mercantilism had drained colonial resources & created a trade deficit – impossible to pay in gold and silver CURRENCY ACT:

5. STAMP ACT1765 • A DIRECT REVENUE TAX - paid directly to the British government rather than being included in the price of goods • Stamps on articles and documents all colonists use (newspapers, licenses, legal documents, playing cards, dice)

6. BRITISH RATIONALE: Imposed a tax on the colonists for their own protection (covers cost of BR troops in America) COLONIAL REACTION: First unified resistance! Stamp Act Congress to protest NYC, 27 delegates from 9 colonies “No taxation without representation!” James Otis Patrick Henry STAMP ACT:

7. STAMP ACT RESISTANCE! • BOYCOTTS!!! • Of all BR goods - merchants sign non-importation agreements • Note: America purchases ¼ of all BR goods • Sons & Daughters of Liberty • Sam Adams • Cousin John: “When the pot is set to boil, the scum rises to the top.” • STAMP ACT REPEALED 1766 • America learns economic boycotts work!

8. BRITISH RATIONALE: Britain had backed down on a particularly hated tax (BOYCOTTS worked!) BUT retained the principle of British supremacy COLONIAL REACTION: Gleeful at effectiveness of boycott/protest BUT overlooked implications of Declaratory Act REPEAL OF THE STAMP ACT;PASSAGE OF DECLARATORY ACT - 1766

9. QUARTERING ACT 1765 • Required colonists to house & feed British troops sent to American colonies (Boston)

10. Simply required colonists to help provide for their own “protection” (from foreign enemies and Indians) An indirect form of taxation since required to house & feed soldiers. Also questioned British motive in sending troops- foreign enemies had been removed; troops are in large cities Knew troops were there for colonial control BRITISH COLONIALRATIONALE: REACTION:

11. BRITISH RATIONALE: Legitimate right to collect taxes from colonies for the protection they received BUT note - had given in somewhat since this was an indirect tax (which colonists had not complained of prior to 1763) COLONIAL REACTION: Now believed even indirect taxes (accepted earlier as a means to control trade in mercantilism) were being used to collect revenue so see this as just another attempt at taxation without representation Boycotts again Stimulates colonial manufacturing MA Circular Letter (Sam Adams) TOWNSHEND DUTIES 1767import duties on tea, paper, glass and paint Repealed in 1770, except for tax on tea.

12. Colonial response1768: • John Dickinson*Letters from a Farmer in PA; seeks colonial unity • 2nd non-importation movement:*“Daughters of Liberty”*Spinning bees • Riots against customs agents:* 4000 British troops sent to Boston. • For the first time, colonists began calling those supporting the boycotts “PATRIOTS”

13. Troops to Boston

14. BOSTON MASSACRE, 1770 • 1ST VIOLENCE BETWEEN BRITISH & AMERICANS • 5 COLONISTS KILLED • CRISPUS ATTUCKS - first black to die in the American independence movement. • Causes Parliament to repeal Townshend taxes

15. THE GASPEE 1772 • British patrol boat commanded by hated Lt. Dudingston ran aground in Narragansett Bay, Providence, RI • Torched later that night • No one would testify against the alleged culprits • British Crown would thereafter pay royal salaries (governors, judges) • Who had paid them before this incident? • Colonists form “committees of correspondence” H.M.S. Gaspee to enforce Stamp Act/prevent smuggling

16. BOSTON TEA PARTY, 1773

17. BRITISH RATIONALE: An attempt to save the British East India Trading Co. which had been suffering since repeal of the Townshend duties. Was actually an attempt to conceal a tax by lowering prices for British tea with reduced transportation costs. COLONIAL REACTION: Saw through it - - Even though British tea became cheaper, colonists were still being taxed without representation & hated the dastardly trick! They feared monopoly. BOSTON TEA PARTY

18. BRITISH RATIONALE: PASSED BY THE BRITISH TO PUNISH COLONISTS FOR THE PROPERTY LOST IN THE BOSTON TEA PARTY ALSO KNOWN AS COERCIVE ACTS COLONIAL REACTION: Viewed these acts as sweeping & unjustified denials of their constitutional liberties United the colonies in their protest to these Acts INTOLERABLE ACTS, 1774

19. Intolerable Acts

20. As punishment for the Boston tea party: Closed the port of Boston until.. British troops to be quartered in any private homes in MA Stripped Massachusetts of all power of self-rule Extended Quebec S to Ohio River Allowed FR Canadians use of their own legal system – no jury trial Recognized legality of R.Catholic Church Colonists see as last step toward doing away with jury trials & Protestantism in America Coercive Acts Quebec Act

21. First Continental Congress, 1774 Peyton Randolph Patrick Henry George Washington Sam Adams John Adams

22. 1ST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, 1774 • Formed in Philly in response to Coercive Acts • Petitioned King George III for relief from the Intolerable Acts – issue “Declaration of Rights” • But not yet calling for independence! • Threatened total boycott – formed Continental Association to organize COMPLETE boycott of all British goods • Colonists began forming armies and collecting supplies …. at Concord.

23. Query: • How was the relationship between the British and its American colonies in 1775 analogous to the relationship between parents and teenagers?