Basic & Advanced English - Health Morten Pilegaard

1. Basic & Advanced English - Health Morten Pilegaard 4.1.B – Research paper: Introduction(and abstract) Explicit guidelines/rules and implicit conventions Genre Research paper Subgenre Text section Move Paragraph structure Language Target language norms/conventions Abstract Introduction Material/method Results and Discussion Subgenre-speci- fic move and step structures Thematic organi- zation & cohesion Specific, typical language features support rhetorical purpose at move and step levels Before you start writing! Let purpose & con-vention drive form Be clear on each section’s purpose Flow-chart macro and micro structure

2. Basic & Advanced English - Health Morten Pilegaard 4.1.B – Research paper: Introduction Subgenre - Introduction • Genre features • Purpose Outline background - State research rationale - Set the scene • Structure Defined by design and by convention (3 moves) • Move 1: Funnel paragraph structure • Form Mainly expository with elements of description and • argumentation in move 1 • Language Syntax: Varied (main + subordinate sentences) with occasional fronted sub-ordinate sentences and inverted word order • Lexis: “Strong” verbs; adjectives/adverbs; hedging; argumen- • tative cohesion

3. Basic & Advanced English - Health Morten Pilegaard Subgenre - Introduction 4.1.B – Research paper: Introduction Purpose: Outline background State research rationale Set the scenefor own research = Exposition Move1. Introduce research area structure 1a. Summary of previous research 1b. Claim general importance 1c. Make topic generalization 2. Establish research niche 2a. Indicating a gap 2b. Raise question or doubt about existing research 2c. Make counter-claim / contrast 2d. Claim benefit of or take step in planned research project 3. Occupy the niche 3a. State purpose of research 3b. Give main expected results (optional) 3c. Describe structure of paper (optional)

4. Basic & Advanced English - Health Morten Pilegaard 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Move 1: Outline research field 1b: Claim general importance 1a: Give summary of research 1c: Make topic generalization 1a: Summary of previous research Move 2: Create your niche 2b: Describe lack in existing research Urinary incontinence in women is a common distressing, and costly health problem. Studies have shown that only about a quarter of affected women consult a doctor for their symptoms, and the treatment that they are offered is probably not optimal (ref.). The condition is thus a challenge for general practitioners, who often will be the first professionals to diagnose and treat it. Several treatment options are effective in the treatment of urinary incontinence in women and most of these treatments are suitable in general practitioners and other primary care staff (ref.). In two controlled trials from general practice most of the women had improved or were cured after management; similar results were found in a study in which treatments were administered by nurses (ref.). Such studies, however, are often performed by one dedicated doctor or specially trained staff, so the results may not reflect what is attainable in ordinary practices. The aim of this study is to conduct an observational study of treatment of urinary incontinence in women in general practice in a community where a group of general practitioners serves the total population. Mention only that which is of immediate relevance to your niche & purpose Move 3: Occupy your niche 1a:State purpose

5. Basic & Advanced English - Health Morten Pilegaard 4.1.B – Research paper: Introduction Language form suggests function (purpose) of move/step : Move 1 - Step 1a: Claiming centrality (1) Cell–cell adhesion is criticalfor tissues and organs. [C9] (2) Protein degradation plays an important role in a wide array of cellular events. [MC8] (3) Iron–sulfur (Fe–S) cluster prosthetic groups play a key role in a wide range of enzymatic reactions, as well as serving as regulatory switches. [MCB6] (4)The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has long been regarded as a central player in the renin–angiotensin system through its action in converting angiotensin I to the vasopressive peptide. [JBC8] (5)Vesicle transport is important in eukaryotic cells for the addition of material to the plasma membranefor secretion, and for cell polarity. [MBC4]

6. Basic & Advanced English - Health Morten Pilegaard 4.1.B – Research paper: Introduction Language form suggests function (purpose) of move/step : Move 1 - Step 1a: Claimingcentrality The growing /emerging interest in systemic NSAIDs has augmented/ heightened/ increased /spurred the need for tools suitable their adverse, mainly gastrointestinal side effects. Of particular interest/ urgency/ topicality is how to foretell/ foresee/ foreshadow/ predict/ is increased/augmented... Lexis: Growing/ emerginginterest Augmented/ hightenedneed Particularinterest/ urgency Other expressions: inversion Particularly important ... Especially interesting .... Rather more significant ... Especially noteworthy Of greater concern ... Syntax (inversion): Of particular interest/urgency…. is

7. Basic & Advanced English - Health Morten Pilegaard 4.1.B – Research paper: Introduction(and abstract) Language form suggests function (purpose) of move/step : Move 1 - Step 1b: Making topic generalization: (8)The hammerhead ribozyme (R) is arguably the best-characterized ribozyme. [MC2] (9) Protein export pathways are less well characterized, although…[MCB8] Move 1 - Step 1c: Reviewing previous research: (10) Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) induces potent cellular responses in diverse biological systems (ref).[MC11] (11)The movement of lipid and protein components between intracellular organelles requires the regulated interactions of many molecules (ref). [MBC12]

8. Basic & Advanced English - Health Morten Pilegaard 4.1.B – Research paper: Introduction(and abstract) Language form suggests function (purpose) of move/step : Transition: From move 1 to move 2: Step 2b: Indicating a gap Negative subject Uncountable However, little information ... little attention ... little work ... little data ... little research ... CountableHowever, few studies ... few investigations ... few researchers ... few attempts

9. 4.1.B – Research paper: Introduction(and abstract) Language form suggests function (purpose) of move/step : Step 2a: Indicate a gap (12)The mechanism of processing the nature, 184nt 6S RNA from its precursor has not yet been characterized.[C6] (13) Consequently, how related the serotonin N-acetyltransferase catalytic mechanism will be to that of other superfamily members is unclear. [JBC7] Step 2b: Raising a question 14) The key (as yet unresolved) questions in analysis of dsRNA-associated PTGS are (1) Why are both strands required in the trigger RNA? and (2) How can dsRNA exert an effect at concentrations that are substantially lower than those of the endogenous target RNA?[MC11] (15) The question is whether conformational stability is a determinant of ribonuclease cytotoxicity [JBC6]

10. Basic & Advanced English - Health Morten Pilegaard 4.1.B – Research paper: Introduction(and abstract) Language form suggests function (purpose) of move/step : Step 2c: Claim contrast (and state lack of research) The research has tended to focus on...., rather than on .... These studies have emphasised ...., as opposed to ... Although considerable research has been devoted to ...., rather less attention has been paid to Step 2d: Claim benefit or take next step in planned research direction : However, it remains unclear whether ... It would thus be of interest to learn how ... If these results could be confirmed, they would provide strong evidence for ... It would seem, therefore, that further investigations are needed in order to ...

11. Basic & Advanced English - Health Morten Pilegaard 4.1.B – Research paper: Introduction(and abstract) Language form suggests function (purpose) of move/step : Step 3: State purpose The aim of the present paper is to give ... The main purpose of the experiment reported here was to ... This study was designed to evaluate ... The primary focus of this paper is on ... The aim of this investigation was to test ... (16)The current investigation was undertaken to establish whether P. carinii cell wall assembly occurs through action of a Gsc-1 protein mediating Beta-1 3-glucan synthesis; and to clone and characterize the…[JBC12] (17)The present study was designed to evaluate whether the efficiency and carrier ligand specificity of replicative by pass past Pt-DNA abducts by Poβ could be determined by the mode of translesion synthesis and whether…[JBC4]

12. Basic & Advanced English - Health Morten Pilegaard 4.1.B – Research paper: Introduction(and abstract) Language form suggests function (purpose) of move/step : In biochemistry step 3 often followed by description of procedure (18)We therefore investigated AJ formation in primary keratinocytes, which has led us to novel insights. When perfectly contact-inhibited primary cells are stimulated, they form intercellular junctions by an active and dynamic process, driven by actin filament polymerization. This remarkable mechanism involves the calcium-activated production of filopodia, which penetrate and embed into neighboring cells…[C1] (19)In the study presented herein, we investigated proteins from S. cerevisiae that exhibit strong homology to the bacterial IscA product of the isc gene cluster. Two proteins, designated Isa1p and Isa2p, contain a C-terminal region exhibiting at least 50% similarity to bacterial proteins encoded by orf6 in the nif operon and by iscA in the isc operon, respectively. [MCB6]

13. Basic & Advanced English - Health Morten Pilegaard 4.1.B – Research paper: Introduction(and abstract) Research disciplines and traditions differ! Language form suggests function (purpose) of move/step : … and presentation of main results (20)Our results show that U2snRNP is functionally associated with the E complex and is also required for its assembly. [MC5] (21)We show that c-Myc proteolysis is mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in vivo. We also demonstrate that two regions of the c-Myc protein are important for rapid degradation, a central PEST sequence unnecessary for c-Myc ubiquitination, and an N-terminal region required for efficient ubiquitination. Furthermore, we show that c-Myc is stabilized in a number of Burkitt’s lymphoma cell lines…[MCB4] Observe conventions within your discipline!