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Preschool Development: Physical, Cognitive, & Emotional Milestones

Explore the characteristics of preschoolers aged 3-6 years, including growth, motor skills, milestones, and psychosocial development. Learn about nutrition, sleep, play, communication, safety concerns, and health promotion.

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Preschool Development: Physical, Cognitive, & Emotional Milestones

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  1. Chapter 8 Preschool

  2. Preschool • Characteristics • Ages 3-6 years • Growth slow and steady • Improved fine and gross motor skills • Autonomous, creative exploration • Participation in preschool and nursery school

  3. Physical Characteristics of the Preschooler • Height and weight • Body proportions • Muscle and bone development • Teeth • Sensory development

  4. Vital Signs • Temperature • Pulse • Respirations • Blood pressure

  5. Developmental Milestones • Motor development • Gross motor skills • Fine motor skills • Sexual development

  6. Psychosocial Development • Erikson—Developing initiative • Pretending • Trying out new roles

  7. Discipline • Need limits set • Learn impulse control • Use positive reinforcement • Use time out

  8. Psychosocial Concerns • Jealousy • Sibling rivalry • Need “special time” with parents • Response to divorce • Preschool education

  9. Cognitive Development • Piaget—Preoperational stage continues • Reversibility • Centration • Magical thinking • Longer attentions span

  10. Moral Development • Kohlberg—Preconventional stage • Learn to model adult behaviors • Freud’s development of a superego or conscience

  11. Communication • Language more sophisticated • 4-year-old • Uses 3-4 word sentences • Understands who, what, and where questions • 5-year-old • Can form sentences with five or more words • Vocabulary contains 2000-2400 words • Very talkative • Like to talk on the telephone

  12. Nutrition • Follow the food pyramid • Average 1800 calories/day • Still like certain familiar foods • Need smaller portions than adults • Offer healthy snacks • Mealtime should be pleasant, family time

  13. Sleep and Rest • Need 10-12 hours of sleep • Some still need a daytime nap • Follow a consistent bedtime routine • Dreams and nightmares are common

  14. Play • Cooperative or associative play • Sharing and taking turns • Need activities to further develop gross motor skills • Fine motor skills improve, more coordination • Building confidence • Play stimulates imagination • Limit television and video games

  15. Safety • Safety issues • Use of proper clothing for play and sleep • Use of proper safety restraints in motor vehicles • Stranger safety • Water safety • Poisoning

  16. Health Promotion • Good health practice • Use of health-care services • Early diagnosis and treatment • Regular immunizations

  17. Common Preschool Concerns • Thumb sucking • Bedwetting • Fears

  18. Chapter Challenge • Explain what Erikson meant by the task of initiative for this stage • Give three good food snacks appropriate for this stage • Describe the safety concerns for preschoolers

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