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Chemistry 213: Course Outline

Chemistry 213: Course Outline. Chemical Kinetics. Factors that Affect Reaction Rates. Kinetics => study of how fast chemical reactions occur. Four important factors which affect rates of reactions: reactant concentration, temperature, action of catalysts, and surface area.

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Chemistry 213: Course Outline

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  1. Chemistry 213: Course Outline

  2. Chemical Kinetics

  3. Factors that Affect Reaction Rates • Kinetics => study of how fast chemical reactions occur. • Four important factors which affect rates of reactions: • reactant concentration, • temperature, • action of catalysts, and • surface area. • Goal: to understand chemical reactions at the molecular level (Mechanisms)

  4. Reaction Rates • Speed of a reaction is measured by the change in concentration with time. • For a reaction A  B

  5. Reaction Rates • For the reaction A  B there are two ways of measuring rate: • the speed at which the products appear (i.e. change in moles of B per unit time), or • the speed at which the reactants disappear (i.e. the change in moles of A per unit time).

  6. Reaction Rates Change of Rate with Time • Most useful units for rates are to look at molarity. Since volume is constant, molarity and moles are directly proportional. • Consider: C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l)  C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)

  7. Reaction Rates Change of Rate with Time C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l)  C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq) • calculate average rate in terms of the disappearance of C4H9Cl. • Units for average rate: mol/L·s or mol L-1 s-1 or M/s or M s-1 . • The average rate decreases with time. • Plot [C4H9Cl] versus time. • The rate at any instant in time (instantaneous rate) is the slope of the tangent to the curve. • Instantaneous rate is different from average rate. • We usually call the instantaneous rate the rate.

  8. Reaction Rates Reaction Rate and Stoichiometry • For the reaction C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l)  C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq) we know • In general for aA + bB cC + dD

  9. Concentration and Rate • In general rates increase as concentrations increase. NH4+(aq) + NO2-(aq)  N2(g) + 2H2O(l)

  10. Concentration and Rate • For the reaction NH4+(aq) + NO2-(aq)  N2(g) + 2H2O(l) we note • as [NH4+] doubles with [NO2-] constant, the rate doubles, • as [NO2-] doubles with [NH4+] constant, the rate doubles, • We conclude rate  [NH4+][NO2-]. • Rate law: • The constant k is the rate constant.

  11. Concentration and Rate Exponents in the Rate Law • For a general reaction with rate law we say the reaction is mth order in reactant 1 and nth order in reactant 2. • The overall order of reaction is m + n + …. • A reaction can be zeroth order if m, n, … are zero. • Note the values of the exponents (orders) have to be determined experimentally. They are not simply related to stoichiometry.

  12. Using Initial Rates to Determine Rate Laws Determine Rate Law for the reaction. i.e. Rate = k [NO]x [H2]y ; Find x , y , and k .

  13. The Change of Concentration with Time First-Order Reactions • Goal: convert rate law into a convenient equation to give concentrations as a function of time. • For a first-order reaction, the rate doubles as the concentration of a reactant doubles. • Plot [C4H9Cl] versus time. Simulation

  14. The Change of Concentration with Time First-Order Reactions

  15. The Change of Concentration with Time First-Order Reactions • The first-order rate constant for the decomposition of a certain insecticide in water at 12oC is 1.45 yr-1 . A quantity of this insecticide is washed into a lake on June 1, leading to a concentration of 5.0x10-7 g/cm3 of water. Assume that the average temperature of the lake is 12oC. • (A) What is the concentration of the insecticide on June 1 of the following year? • (B) How long would it take for the concentration of the insecticide to drop to 3.0x10-7 g/cm3 ?

  16. The first-order rate constant for the decomposition of a certain insecticide in water at 12oC is 1.45 yr-1 . A quantity of this insecticide is washed into a lake on June 1, leading to a concentration of 5.0x10-7 g/cm3 of water. Assume that the average temperature of the lake is 12oC. (A) What is the concentration of the insecticide on June 1 of the following year? (B) How long would it take for the concentration of the insecticide to drop to 3.0x10-7 g/cm3 ?

  17. The Change of Concentration with Time Second-Order Reactions • For a second-order reaction with just one reactant • A plot of 1/[A]t versus t is a straight line with slope k and intercept 1/[A]0 • For a second-order reaction, a plot of ln[A]tvs. t is not linear.

  18. The Change of Concentration with Time Second-Order Reactions

  19. The Change of Concentration with Time Second-Order Reactions The NO2 reaction has a rate constant of 0.543 M-1 s-1 . If the initial concentration of NO2 in a closed vessel is 0.0500 M, what is the remaining concentration after 0.500 hr ?

  20. The NO2 reaction has a rate constant of 0.543 M-1 s-1 . If the initial concentration of NO2 in a closed vessel is 0.0500 M, what is the remaining concentration after 0.500 hr ?

  21. The Change of Concentration with Time Zeroth-Order Reactions • For a zeroth-order reaction with just one reactant • A plot of [A]t versus t is a straight line with slope -k and intercept [A]0 • Applicable to catalysis on metal surfaces.

  22. The Change of Concentration with Time Zeroth-Order Reactions • A zeroth-order reaction has a rate constant of 1.1x10-7 M s-1 . The reaction began with a reactant concentration of 0.0200 M . What is the fraction of reactant concentration remaining after 45.0 hr ?

  23. A zeroth-order reaction has a rate constant of 1.1x10-7 M s-1 . The reaction began with a reactant concentration of 0.0200 M . What is the fraction of reactant concentration remaining after 45.0 hr ? Solution Key

  24. The Change of Concentration with Time Half-Life • Half-life is the time taken for the concentration of a reactant to drop to half its original value. • For a first-order process, half life, t½ is the time taken for [A]0 to reach ½[A]0. • Mathematically,

  25. The Change of Concentration with Time Half-Life • For a second-order reaction, half-life depends on the initial concentration: • For a zeroth-order reaction:

  26. Summary of Rate Laws m = -k b = ln[A]o m = k b = 1/[A]o m = -k b = [A]o

  27. Temperature and Rate The Collision Model • As temperature increases, the rate increases.

  28. Temperature and Rate The Collision Model • The collision model: in order for molecules to react they must collide. • The greater the number of collisions the faster the rate. • The more molecules present, the greater the probability of collision and the faster the rate. • The higher the temperature, the more energy available to the molecules and the faster the rate. • Complications: not all collisions lead to products. In fact, only a small fraction of collisions lead to product.

  29. Temperature and Rate The Orientation Factor

  30. Temperature and Rate Activation Energy • Arrhenius: molecules must posses a minimum amount of energy to react. Why? • In order to form products, bonds must be broken in the reactants. • Bond breakage requires energy. • Activation energy, Ea, is the minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

  31. Temperature and Rate Activation Energy

  32. Temperature and Rate The Arrhenius Equation • Arrhenius discovered most reaction-rate data obeyed the Arrhenius equation: • k is the rate constant, Eais the activation energy, R is the gas constant (8.314 J/K-mol) and T is the temperature in K. • A is called the frequency factor. • A is a measure of the probability of a favorable collision. • Both A and Ea are specific to a given reaction.

  33. Temperature and Rate Determining the Activation Energy • If we have a lot of data, we can determine Ea and A graphically by rearranging the Arrhenius equation: • From the above equation, a plot of ln k versus 1/T will have slope of –Ea/R and intercept of ln A.

  34. Temperature and Rate

  35. Temperature and Rate Determining the Activation Energy • If we do not have a lot of data, then we recognize Ea ~ 160 kJ/mol (previous slide of ln(k) versus 1/T plot)

  36. Reaction Mechanisms • The balanced chemical equation provides information about the beginning and end of reaction. • The reaction mechanism gives the path of the reaction. • Mechanisms provide a very detailed picture of which bonds are broken and formed during the course of a reaction. Elementary Steps • Elementary step: any process that occurs in a single step.

  37. Reaction Mechanisms Rate Laws for Elementary Steps

  38. Catalysis • A catalyst changes the rate of a chemical reaction. • There are two types of catalyst: • homogeneous, and • heterogeneous. • Chlorine atoms are catalysts for the destruction of ozone.

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