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What Works and What Doesn t in Reducing Recidivism

A Large Body of Research Has Indicated.. .that correctional services and interventions can be effective in reducing recidivism for offenders, however, not all programs are equally effectiveThe most effective programs are based on some principles of effective interventionsRisk (Who)Need (What)Treatment (How)Program Integrity (How Well).

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What Works and What Doesn t in Reducing Recidivism

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    1. What Works and What Doesn’t in Reducing Recidivism Presented by: Edward J. Latessa, Ph.D. University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute Division of Criminal Justice University of Cincinnati www.uc.edu/criminaljustice Edward.Latessa@uc.edu

    2. A Large Body of Research Has Indicated…. ….that correctional services and interventions can be effective in reducing recidivism for offenders, however, not all programs are equally effective The most effective programs are based on some principles of effective interventions Risk (Who) Need (What) Treatment (How) Program Integrity (How Well)

    3. Risk Principle Target those offender with higher probability of recidivism Provide more intense services to higher-risk offenders Targeting lower risk offenders can lead to increases in recidivism rates

    6. Need Principle Target crime producing needs and risk factors

    7. Major Set of Risk/Need Factors Antisocial/prociminal attitudes, values, beliefs & cognitive-emotional states 2. Procriminal associates & isolation from prosocial others 3. Temperamental & anti social personality pattern conducive to criminal activity 4. A history of antisocial behavior

    8. Major set of Risk/Needs Continued: 5. Family factors that include criminality & a variety of psychological problems in the family of origin 6. Low levels of personal educational, vocational or financial achievement Low levels of involvement in prosocial leisure activities 8. Abuse of alcohol and/or drugs

    9. The Treatment Principle: Provide Behavioral Treatment Focus on current criminogenic risk/need factors Action oriented

    10. Most Effective Behavioral Models Structured social learning where new skills and behavioral are modeled Family based approaches that train family on appropriate techniques Cognitive behavioral approaches that target criminogenic risk factors

    11. Results from Meta Analysis: Behavioral vs. NonBehavioral

    12. Family Based Interventions Designed to train family on behavioral approaches Functional Family Therapy Multi-Systemic Therapy Teaching Family Model Strengthening Families Program (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention)

    13. Effectiveness of Family Based Intervention: Results from Meta Analysis 38 primary studies with 53 effect tests Average Reduction in Recidivism= 21% However, much variability was present (-0.17 - +0.83) Dowden & Andrews, 2003

    14. Mean Effect Sizes: Whether or not the family intervention adheres to the principles

    15. Recent Meta-Analysis of Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Offenders by Landenberger & Lipsey (2005)* Reviewed 58 studies: 19 random samples 23 matched samples 16 convenience samples Found that on average CBT reduced recidivism by 25%, but the most effective configurations found more than 50% reductions

    16. Significant Findings (effects were stronger if): Sessions per week (2 or more) Implementation monitored Staff trained on CBT Higher proportion of treatment completers Higher risk offenders Higher if CBT is combined with other services

    17. What Doesn’t Work with Offenders? Talking cures Targeting non-criminogenic needs Focusing on fear and other emotional appeals Shaming offenders Non-directive, client centered approaches Self-Help programs Vague unstructured rehabilitation programs Medical model approaches Fostering self-regard (self-esteem) “Punishing smarter” (boot camps, scared straight, etc.)

    18. The Fidelity Principle: Make Sure Programs Are Delivered With Fidelity and Integrity Includes both external and internal quality assurance

    21. Program Integrity and Recidivism Every major study we have done has found a strong relationship between program integrity and recidivism Higher integrity score – greater the reductions in recidivism

    22. Program Integrity—Relationship Between Program Integrity Score And Treatment Effect for Community Supervision Programs

    23. Program Integrity—Relationship Between Program Integrity Score And Treatment Effect for Residential Programs

    24. Impact of Program Factors Predicting Felony Adjudication for Juvenile Programs

    25. Lessons Learned from the Research Who you put in a program is important – pay attention to risk What you target is important – pay attention to criminogenic needs How you target offender for change is important – use behavioral approaches

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