CHINA THE MIDDLE KINGDOM & LAND UNDER HEAVEN

1. CHINATHE MIDDLE KINGDOM & LAND UNDER HEAVEN “The Middle Kingdom”

5. Early China

6. Variety of the Land • China is divided into 32 provinces • It is Fourth largest nation in World (after Russia,Canada, and the USA). • Capital/ Beijing • Natural Boundaries Isolate China • Diverse Natural Environment • Greatest Population-1.3 Billion

7. Dynastic Government • Chinese regarded their ruler as the Son of Heaven. He received the Mandate of Heaven which is the right to rule. (Similar to the European “divine right of kings.”) • Dynasties were ruling families of China that rose and fell according to a dynastic cycle • The Han Dynasty later introduced four parts that all future dynasties would have: • Four Major Parts of Dynastic Government • Single ruler known as the emperor who made the laws, was in charge of the government, and interpreted the ideology • Government Officials-Were bureaucrats who were appointed to office on the basis of an examination. • System of Laws-Developed by emperor and bureaurats • The official Ideology-political philosophy which was enforced by the bureaucrats.

8. The Dynastic Cycle

9. Early Dynasties • The Xia- was the first of 24 Chinese dynasties, 1994 BC • The Shang Dynasty- invented the first writing system • The Zhou- developed the concept of the Mandate of Heaven • The Qin Dynasty- was the first to unite China under an emperor • The Han Dynasty-establish a stable government with 4 parts

10. Shi Huangdi- First Emperor, united China under a single ruler

11. Later Dynasties • The Sui Dynasty- Emperor was was Wendi built the famous Grand Canal • The Tang Dynasty- restored China to peace after years of chaos and became China’s Golden Age • The Yuan or Mongol Dynasty- was founded by Kublai Khan and Marco Polo visits China during his reign. • The Ming Dynasty- was led by a leader called Zhu and he reclaims China for the Chinese • The Qing Dynasty- was the last dynasty of China and it was ruled by the Manchus

12. Kublai Khan-Yuan Dynasty

13. The Forbidden City-Where the emperor and his court lived. Ordinary people were forbidden.

14. Traditional China: The Few & the Many

15. The Upper Class • Gentry-Wealthy landowners • Government Officials-had to pass civil service exams • Scholars-Had to pass all four levels of civil service exam.

16. The Lower Class • Peasants-80% of population • Scientists-Not recognized • Merchants-wealthy but looked down upon by upper class • Soldiers-served as internal peacekeepers as well as the army

17. paper, printing press, chemical explosives mechanical clock, compass, canal locks crossbow, kite, cast iron, watertight compartments various drugs, system of measures, irrigation techniques flood control devices, canals, acupuncture, vaccinations, operations Chinese Inventions

18. Chinese Philosophies that have Shaped Chinese Culture

19. Daoism or Taoism • Daoism means-”The Way of Nature” • Lao-zi-founder of Daoism • Live in Harmony With Nature • The Dao De Jing-book of Daoism (One of the Chinese Classics)

20. Confucianism-Founded by China’s Greatest Philosopher –ConfuciusFive Relationships of Confucianism: • Ruler & Ruled • Father & Son • Husband & Wife • Older Brother Younger Brother • Friend & Friend

21. Other Religions that influenced China in descending order: • Buddhism • Islam • Christianity

22. The Chinese Revolution

23. O R S C M piumWars open China. ebellionsrock China. un shines democracy over China. haing keeps China in check. ao chases Chaing, makes China Communist. FIVE MAJOR EVENTS OF THE CHINESE REVOLUTION

24. O=The Opium Wars Open China

25. Outcome of the Opium Wars • The Treaty of Nanjing- ended the Opium War in 1852. As a result the British take Hong Kong from China • Extraterritoriality-British merchants caught smuggling had to be tried in British courts. • China was reduced to an inferior nation. • The West control “Sphere of Influence” in China. (China’s major ports) • Opium Wars open China and ends China’s Isolation

26. Rebellions Rock China • Taiping Rebellion, 1853 (Taipings were converted Christian peasants) • Wanted equality and an end to Qing rule • Over 20 million die as rebellion is put down with help of foreign powers

27. R=Rebellions Rock China

28. BOXER REBELLIONBoxers were anti-Qing and anti-West peasant Chinese • 1900s, Peasants and workers wanted to rid China of all foreign influences • “Death to the Foreign Devils” • Boxers were defeated by European powers

29. S=Sun Shines Democracy Over China

30. SUN SHINES DEMOCRACY OVER CHINA • Dr. Sun Yixian overthrows Qing Dynasty and brings Democracy to China (1912) The Republic of China • Sun’s Three Principles 1) Democracy 2)Nationalism 3)Livelihood ( Industrialization) • The democracy fails because of 3 reasons: 1)They were use to dynasty • 2) Most were uneducated peasants • 3) No national unity 4) The Warlords rule • Mao Zedong starts the Communists Party • Chaing -kiashek puts down the Warlords and rules China

31. C=Chaing Keeps China in Check

32. CHAING KEEPS CHINA IN CHECK • Chaing rules as dictator 1930s & 1940s • Mao and Chaing fight over China and Chaing wins first civil war (1930s) • Mao takes the Long March-peasants support Communism • Mao & Communist fight Chaing again in 1949 and win civil war,

33. M=Mao Chases Chaing and Makes China Communist

34. Mao Chases Chaing, Makes China Communist • Civil War ends in 1949/Mao Wins • Chaing kai-shek and Nationalist flee to Taiwan and establish the Republic of China. • The US supports Taiwan • The Soviet Union supports Communist China as it becomes a superpower. • China develops an atomic bomb 1964

35. Other Results of the Chinese Revolution • The Great Leap Forward-A disastrous attempt by Mao Zedong to catch China up with the European powers through rapid agricultural quotas and industrial growth • Great Cultural Revolution- A period of violence and purging as Mao destroys any resistance to communist ideology. Brainwashing through Maoist thought was the result of this period. • Women become equal under communism

36. Mao Chases Chaing, Makes China Communist • 1972- Richard Nixon visits China • The US recognizes Communist China • 1989-Tianemen Square Pro-Democracy Student Protest. • Hong Kong is returned, 1998 • China wants Taiwan to reunite

37. Tiananmen Square

38. China Reforms its Economy But Limits Freedom • Mao Zedong dies in 1976 • In 1981 Deng Xiaoping becomes leader of China and sets China on a new path • Deng Xiaoping's major emphasis was to develop China's economy • His favorite quote to describe his economic philosophy was, " I don't care if a cat is black or white as long as it catches mice."