Weekend Cabin Retreat Project Wall and Ceiling Construction

Weekend Cabin Retreat ProjectWall and Ceiling Construction Sacramento City College EDT 300 Kenneth Fitzpatrick, P.E. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Objectives • Name the members of a typical frame wall. • Explain methods of frame wall construction. • Interpret information shown on a ceiling joist span data chart. • Sketch the various types of exterior walls used in residential construction. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Residential Construction • Residential wall construction is usually one of three types: • Frame • Masonry • Combination frame and masonry. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Residential Construction • The wall panels may be • Constructed on site or • Prefabricated at another location and transported to the site. • The trend is toward more prefabrication and less on-site construction. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Various framing members used in conventional construction. • Sole plate • Bottom of wall. 2 x 4 on side. • Top plates • Top of wall. 2 x 4 on side. • Studs • Sides of wall. 2 x 4 on end. • Headers • Span openings in walls. 4 x 10; 4 x 12. Etc. • Bracing. • Strengthens wall corners. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Plates and studs • 2 x 4 inch lumber. • Headers or linters • 4 x 6; 4 x 8; 4 x 10; 4 x 12 • Bracing • 1 x 4 stock • Metal strap • Plywood sheathing. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Wall framing lumber must have • Good stiffness • Nail-holding properties • Free from warp • Easy to work. • Species that meet these criteria: • Douglas fir • Southern Yellow Pine • Hemlock • Spruce, and Larch. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • The most common lumber grade used is #2 grade or its equivalent. • Moisture content should be between 15 and 19 percent. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Frame Wall Construction • Usually begins with the sole plate. • The spacing of the studs is marked off on the sole plate • The wall is built on top of the sub-floor. • The sub-floor provides a large, flat work surface. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Exterior frame walls can be • Flush with the outside of the foundation wall or • Moved 1/2" to 3/4" inside the foundation wall to allow for the thickness of sheathing, weatherboard, or rigid foam insulation. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • The sole plate • Acts as an anchor for the wall panels • Is a nailer for interior and exterior wall sheathing. • A nailer • Is a structural member (like a 2 x 4) that is used to support the drywall (gypsum board). EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • A wall panel, when built on-site • May be very large if sufficient people and equipment are available to raise the wall. • Is usually built in smaller sections. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Wall studs • Are cut to length (usually 7'-9" when 1-1/2" material is used) • Are nailed to the sole and top plate. • A second plate is added after the wall is in place. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • The distance from the top of the subfloor to the bottom of the ceiling joists is usually 8'-1 1/2". • This distance provides a finished wall height of 8'-O". EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Openings for doors and windows are framed before the wall is moved to the vertical position. • The door and window opening must be framed with headers, to span the opening. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Two methods are used in constructing headers • Solid blocking. • Cripple construction. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Solid blocking header • The header size is increased. • The header completely fills the space from the top of the rough opening to the top plate. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Solid blocking header construction • Various methods are used • 1. Two 2 x 12 pieces of lumber are nailed together with a piece of 1/2" plywood between them to form a 3 1/2" thick header. • This method reduces construction time, but increases shrinkage. • 2. Solid 4 x 6, 4 x 8, 4 x 10 wood members may also be used. • Trend is to use solid members. • Faster, saves construction labor costs. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Header Construction - Cripple and Trimmer • Older method. • Uses cripple studs and trimmers firmly nailed to the sole and top plates. • Cripples are studs that are not full length due to a wall opening. • Trimmers are studs that support the header over an opening in the wall. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Corner bracing is required by most codes. • Two methods of bracing are used. • Diagonal corner braces • Plywood sheathing EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Diagonal corner braces • Use 1 x 4 inch wood material or • Metal straps • Installed from the top corner of the wall down to the sole plate. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Plywood Sheathing Bracing • A sheet of 1/2" plywood • Nailed to the studs at each corner EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Typical methods of framing used to form exterior wall corners EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • The corner must provide • A nailing edge for the interior wall material • Drywall (gypsum board). • Adequate support for the structure. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Interior frame walls are constructed the same way as exterior walls. • Sole plates. • Bottom of wall • One 2 x 4 member on side. • Studs • 2 x 4 wall members • Double top plates. • Top of wall • Two 2 x 4 members on side. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Interior walls • Must be securely fastened to the exterior walls that they intersect. • A nailing edge must be provided for the plaster base, drywall, or paneling. • Use a 2 x 6 secured to cross blocking. • Double the exterior wall studs at the intersection of the partition. • The same arrangement is used at the intersection of all interior walls. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

ExteriorWalls EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

InteriorWalls EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Rough openings for windows and doors • Are dimensioned to the center of the opening when located in a frame wall. • Specific dimensions of doors and windows are usually provided by the window and door schedule. • The width is listed first and • The height is listed second. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • The rough opening height of most doors is 6'-10". • Tops of all windows are usually the same distance above the floor as doors. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Frame Wall Construction • Each wall opening requires a headerabove the opening. • The header supports the weight above. • The length of the header will be equal to • The width of the rough opening + • The thickness of two trimmers. EDT 300 - Wall and Ceiling Construction

Weekend Cabin Retreat Project Wall and Ceiling Construction