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Titon – Chapter 6

Titon – Chapter 6. Asia / India (cont’d). Indian approach to Pitch. Emphasis on the melodic (single notes in time) Asthagi – emphasis on “home” Antara – moving upward Abhog – “home” again Octave divides into 22 intervals (West uses 12) Generally 7 pitches/ notes ( “swara” ) used

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Titon – Chapter 6

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  1. Titon – Chapter 6 Asia / India(cont’d)

  2. Indian approach to Pitch • Emphasis on the melodic (single notes in time) • Asthagi – emphasis on “home” • Antara – moving upward • Abhog – “home” again • Octave divides into 22 intervals (West uses 12) • Generally 7 pitches/ notes (“swara”) used • Sa – Ri – Ga – Ma – Pa – Da – Ni – (Sa’)

  3. RAGA • Like a (western) scale, but….much MORE • “Raga” = “color,” “dye,” “tinge”- “that which colors the mind” (TEXT, p. 312)- Affect on the listener • Not just pitches/notes, but HOW one moves through them • May ascend and descend in different ways • May include specific melodic patterns and ornamentation • Usually 5-7 notes, ordered hierarchically

  4. Raga (cont’d) • SA = home (Vadi = “King”) [drone] • PA (5th) or MA (4th) = second level(Samvadi = “Minister”)[drone] • Anuvadi Swaras = third level(“Servants” – define the raga) • Vivadi Swaras = foreign notes(“Enemies” – not to be used)

  5. Classification of Ragas • Over 120,000 ragas (claimed) • Better described as a few hundred families- “Thaats” – Mother ragas • Most performers know only a few dozen • Associated and controlled by externals- season of year- time of day- mood evoked (love, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, wonder, heroism, humor, religious devotion, [peace]) • List of ragas in Indian classical music - (Wikipedia) - only some of many….

  6. Melakarta System (Titon Fig. 6.12) Melakarta (Wikipedia)

  7. Raga explained… • Raga: a personal introduction by Ravi Shankar • Raga explained by Partha Pratim Roy • Sitar maestro Niladri Kumar explains - What is a Raga or Raag? • Understanding the Basics of Indian Raga Music (Emory U)

  8. 1st Raga Lessons • Raag Bihag for Beginners • Raag Bhairav for Beginners • Raag Yaman for Beginners • Bhimpalasi Lesson by Aradhanaji • Always taught by rote (emphasis on “ear”) • George Harrison - sitar lesson with Ravi Shankar • Pandit Ravi Shankar - SITAR MASTER CLASS

  9. RHYTHM • Based on Rhythmic cycles (similar to Meter…but much MORE) • Division of time by regular beats (MATRA) • 1st beat of cycle [most important] (SAM) • One group of beats [measure] (VIBHAG),[not all cycles of equal weight] • Complete cycle (AVARTAN) • Each cycle a unique pattern(called TAL or TALA or TAALA)

  10. SOME DIFFERENT TALA • Teental = 16 (4 + 4 + 4 + 4) [most common] • Adachautal = 14 (2+4+4+4) • Adi Tal = 8 (4+2+2) • Dadra tal = 6 (3 + 3) • Ektal = 12 (2+2+2+2+2+2) • Jhaptal = 10 (2+3+2+3) • Rupak Tal = 7 (3+2+2) • Sultal = 10 (2+3+2+3)

  11. COUNTING TALA • Not all Matra (beats) are equal • 1st beat of cycle [most important] (SAM) • Not all Vibhag (measures) are equal • Tali (clap) = strong beginning to Vibhag • Khali (wave) = weak beginning to Vibhag • Remainder of Matra in Vibhag counted on fingers (begin w/ little finger) • Kalam = speed of beat (three levels)

  12. COUNTING TEENTAL • CLAP 2 3 4 • CLAP 2 3 4 • WAVE 2 3 4 • CLAP 2 3 4 • Ex. Tabla lesson - Teen taal – YouTube • Ex. Tabla lessons - Tal: teen tal / tintal • Ex.Ustad Zakir Hussain -- Vintage Teental Solo - YouTube

  13. COUNTING ADI TAL • CLAP 2 3 4 • WAVE 2 • WAVE 2 • Ex. ADI TALAM LEARNER LESSONS • Ex. Adi Tala and Speeds - Carnatic Music Lessons

  14. COUNTING DADRA TAL • CLAP 2 3 • WAVE 2 3 • Ex. Tabla Lessons for Beginners | Tal Dadra • Ex. Tabla lesson - Dadra taal.wmv – YouTube • Ex. Taal dadra been played by ustad jaswinder meet - YouTube

  15. COUNTING RUPAK TAL • WAVE 2 3 • CLAP 2 • CLAP 2 • Ex. Tabla lesson - rupak taal – YouTube • Ex. Roopak Taal Zakirji Live at Taj • Ex. Tabla Solo - Rupak Taal - Pt. Samta Prasad Mishra - YouTube

  16. COUNTING JHAPTAL • CLAP 2 • CLAP 2 3 • WAVE 2 • CLAP 2 3 • Ex. JHAPTAL. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 speed of tatkar in jhaptal • Ex. Jhaptal tabla demo – YouTube • Ex. Ravi Shankar, Alla Rakha - Tabla Solo in Jhaptal - YouTube

  17. TablaTabla Making in Kolkata

  18. TABLA “Tabla” (“on the right”) “Duggi”(“on the left”)

  19. Modern Tabla (“bolt tuned”) List price: $ 418 (on sale: $ 313 plus S&H) Tabla for sale

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