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Exploring Indian Raga Music: Melodic Patterns and Rhythmic Cycles

Discover the Indian approach to pitch with emphasis on melodic patterns, ornamentation, and rhythmic cycles. Learn about Ragas, Tala, and Tabla in Indian classical music. Dive into the essence of Sa, Ri, Ga, Ma, Pa, Da, Ni in the mesmerizing world of Raga.

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Exploring Indian Raga Music: Melodic Patterns and Rhythmic Cycles

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  1. Titon – Chapter 6 Asia / India(cont’d)

  2. Indian approach to Pitch • Emphasis on the melodic (single notes in time) • Asthagi – emphasis on “home” • Antara – moving upward • Abhog – “home” again • Octave divides into 22 intervals (West uses 12) • Generally 7 pitches/ notes (“swara”) used • Sa – Ri – Ga – Ma – Pa – Da – Ni – (Sa’)

  3. RAGA • Like a (western) scale, but….much MORE • “Raga” = “color,” “dye,” “tinge”- “that which colors the mind” (TEXT, p. 312)- Affect on the listener • Not just pitches/notes, but HOW one moves through them • May ascend and descend in different ways • May include specific melodic patterns and ornamentation • Usually 5-7 notes, ordered hierarchically

  4. Raga (cont’d) • SA = home (Vadi = “King”) [drone] • PA (5th) or MA (4th) = second level(Samvadi = “Minister”)[drone] • Anuvadi Swaras = third level(“Servants” – define the raga) • Vivadi Swaras = foreign notes(“Enemies” – not to be used)

  5. Classification of Ragas • Over 120,000 ragas (claimed) • Better described as a few hundred families- “Thaats” – Mother ragas • Most performers know only a few dozen • Associated and controlled by externals- season of year- time of day- mood evoked (love, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, wonder, heroism, humor, religious devotion, [peace]) • List of ragas in Indian classical music - (Wikipedia) - only some of many….

  6. Melakarta System (Titon Fig. 6.12) Melakarta (Wikipedia)

  7. Raga explained… • Raga: a personal introduction by Ravi Shankar • Raga explained by Partha Pratim Roy • Sitar maestro Niladri Kumar explains - What is a Raga or Raag? • Understanding the Basics of Indian Raga Music (Emory U)

  8. 1st Raga Lessons • Raag Bihag for Beginners • Raag Bhairav for Beginners • Raag Yaman for Beginners • Bhimpalasi Lesson by Aradhanaji • Always taught by rote (emphasis on “ear”) • George Harrison - sitar lesson with Ravi Shankar • Pandit Ravi Shankar - SITAR MASTER CLASS

  9. RHYTHM • Based on Rhythmic cycles (similar to Meter…but much MORE) • Division of time by regular beats (MATRA) • 1st beat of cycle [most important] (SAM) • One group of beats [measure] (VIBHAG),[not all cycles of equal weight] • Complete cycle (AVARTAN) • Each cycle a unique pattern(called TAL or TALA or TAALA)

  10. SOME DIFFERENT TALA • Teental = 16 (4 + 4 + 4 + 4) [most common] • Adachautal = 14 (2+4+4+4) • Adi Tal = 8 (4+2+2) • Dadra tal = 6 (3 + 3) • Ektal = 12 (2+2+2+2+2+2) • Jhaptal = 10 (2+3+2+3) • Rupak Tal = 7 (3+2+2) • Sultal = 10 (2+3+2+3)

  11. COUNTING TALA • Not all Matra (beats) are equal • 1st beat of cycle [most important] (SAM) • Not all Vibhag (measures) are equal • Tali (clap) = strong beginning to Vibhag • Khali (wave) = weak beginning to Vibhag • Remainder of Matra in Vibhag counted on fingers (begin w/ little finger) • Kalam = speed of beat (three levels)

  12. COUNTING TEENTAL • CLAP 2 3 4 • CLAP 2 3 4 • WAVE 2 3 4 • CLAP 2 3 4 • Ex. Tabla lesson - Teen taal – YouTube • Ex. Tabla lessons - Tal: teen tal / tintal • Ex.Ustad Zakir Hussain -- Vintage Teental Solo - YouTube

  13. COUNTING ADI TAL • CLAP 2 3 4 • WAVE 2 • WAVE 2 • Ex. ADI TALAM LEARNER LESSONS • Ex. Adi Tala and Speeds - Carnatic Music Lessons

  14. COUNTING DADRA TAL • CLAP 2 3 • WAVE 2 3 • Ex. Tabla Lessons for Beginners | Tal Dadra • Ex. Tabla lesson - Dadra taal.wmv – YouTube • Ex. Taal dadra been played by ustad jaswinder meet - YouTube

  15. COUNTING RUPAK TAL • WAVE 2 3 • CLAP 2 • CLAP 2 • Ex. Tabla lesson - rupak taal – YouTube • Ex. Roopak Taal Zakirji Live at Taj • Ex. Tabla Solo - Rupak Taal - Pt. Samta Prasad Mishra - YouTube

  16. COUNTING JHAPTAL • CLAP 2 • CLAP 2 3 • WAVE 2 • CLAP 2 3 • Ex. JHAPTAL. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 speed of tatkar in jhaptal • Ex. Jhaptal tabla demo – YouTube • Ex. Ravi Shankar, Alla Rakha - Tabla Solo in Jhaptal - YouTube

  17. TablaTabla Making in Kolkata

  18. TABLA “Tabla” (“on the right”) “Duggi”(“on the left”)

  19. Modern Tabla (“bolt tuned”) List price: $ 418 (on sale: $ 313 plus S&H) Tabla for sale

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