Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment

1. Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment Learning Targets • Students will be able to understand the connection between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. • Students will be able to define their own views on the state of nature. • Students will be able to argue for a weak or strong government based on their views of the state of nature.

4. Ptolemy's model:"Earth-centered," or "geocentric" Ptolemy thought that all celestial objects — including the planets, Sun, Moon, and stars — orbited Earth. Earth, in the center of the universe, did not move at all. NOTE: The outer planets, like Uranus and Neptune, are missing from both charts because they had not been discovered at the time. The planets are lined up to make the charts easy to read; they never line up this way in nature.

5. Scientific Revolution Definition: New way of thinking about the natural world based on observation and willingness to question accepted beliefs.

7. Copernicus’ model:"Sun-centered," or "heliocentric" Copernicus thought that the planets orbited the Sun, and that the Moon orbited Earth. The Sun, in the center of the universe, did not move, nor did the stars. Copernicus was correct about some things, but wrong about others. The Sun is not in the center of the universe, and it does move, as do the stars. Also, both Copernicus and Ptolemy thought the orbits of the planets were circular, but we now know they are elliptical.

8. EnlightenmentorThe Age of Reason Definition: Intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of the individual to solve problems.

9. Hobbes vs. Locke In The State of Nature!

10. What is the State of Nature? Question: How do you act when no one is looking? The State of Nature is… • A mythical time period. • No government or power to control people. In other words, how we think people would act if they were never taught how to act.

11. Present for the class!

12. Thomas Hobbes Bio • Born 1588 • Died 1679 • Best known work – Leviathan • Lived during the English Civil War (1642-1651

13. What Hobbes Thinks • During the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that conditions called war; and such a war, as if of every man, against every man. Think, Pair, Share – What does this mean?

14. John Locke Bio • Born 1632 • Died 1704 • Most famous work – Two Treatises • Lived during the Glorious Revolution -1688 (AKA The Bloodless Revolution)

15. What Locke Thinks • The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. Think, Pair, Share – What does this mean?

16. Choose a side! Who do you agree with more, Hobbes or Locke? Hobbes? Go to the right side of the room. Locke? Go to the left side of the room.

17. What kind of Government do you want? • Discuss among your group the following: Given what you believe about how people act in a state of nature what kind of government do you think should be put into place? Weak ---------SPECTRUM---------- Strong

18. Social Contract Theory • Basic definition: In order to form a society, people must agree to certain terms (a contract) both moral and political for such a society to exists.

19. Hobbes View on Government For the laws of Nature (as justice, equity, modesty, mercy, and, in sum, doing to others as we would be done to) of themselves, without the terror of some power, to cause them to be observed, are contrary to our natural passions, that carry us to partiality, pride, revenge and the like. Does he believe in strong government or weak?

20. Hobbes Social Contract • State of Nature is a state of war. • Therefore the people must give up their freedom to an absolute ruler. • In exchange the ruler must protect the people from each other.

21. Locke’s View on Govn’t The majority having, as has been shewed, upon men's first uniting into society, the whole power of the community naturally in them, may employ all that power in making laws for the community from time to time, and executing those laws by officers of their own appointing; and then the form of the government is a perfect democracy... What kind of government does Locke want? Is this a strong or weak government?

22. Locke’s Social Contract • State of Nature is a state of perfect liberty. • People still have morals although there is no government to enforce those morals. • At times a state of war can happen when one person (or more) violates the laws of nature. • Therefore a government is needed to enforce the laws of nature. • People give up some rights to the government and the government must enforce the laws of nature. • Key for Locke is that the people do not give up the right to choose a new government if the current one isn’t holding up its end of the bargain.

23. Formative Assessment • In 3-5 sentences explain who’s view on the state of nature you agree with more, Hobbes or Locke? • In 3-5 sentences explain what kind of government you think is best for society and make sure to relate it back to your view of the state of nature.

24. Enlightenment DBQ • Annotate background essay • Start Document A