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Introduction to Anthropology

Introduction to Anthropology. What is Anthropology?. What is Anthropology?. Anthropology is the broad study of humankind around the world and throughout time It is concerned with both the biological and the cultural aspects of humans. The Four Main Subdivisions:. 1. Physical Anthropology

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Introduction to Anthropology

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  1. Introduction to Anthropology What is Anthropology?

  2. What is Anthropology? • Anthropology is the broad study of humankind around the world and throughout time • It is concerned with both the biological and the cultural aspects of humans

  3. The Four Main Subdivisions: 1. Physical Anthropology • Focuses on the study of biological evolution • This branch covers: evolution, genetic inheritance, human adaptability and variation, primatology, and the fossil record of human evolution 2. Cultural Anthropology • Focuses on the study of culture • This branch focuses on ethnocentrism, cultural aspects of language and communication, subsistence and other economic patterns, kinship, sex and marriage, socialization, social control, political organization, class, ethnicity, gender, religion, and culture change

  4. Four subdivisions continued... 3. Archaeology • Focus on Prehistory • This branch looks at early history of cultures around the world; major trends in cultural evolution; and techniques for finding, excavating, dating, and analyzing material remains of past societies 4. Linguistic Anthropology • Focus on the human communication process focusing on the importance of socio-cultural influences; nonverbal communication; and the structure, function, and history of languages, dialects, pidgins, and creoles

  5. What would be the best way to really get to know another society and its culture? Why?

  6. Participation-observation • Anthropologists have learned that the best way to really get to know another society and its culture is to live in it as an active participant rather than simply an observer. • By physically and emotionally participating in the social interaction of the host society it is possible to become accepted as a member • The anthropologist learns the language, participates in the customs and rituals of the society

  7. Dian Fossey • Dian Fossey believed that in order to study gorillas effectively she had to immerse herself with them in an effort to get them to accept her presence

  8. Why do we need social scienists? Aren’t they telling us what we already know?

  9. Why we need social scientists: • Intuition is believing something to be true because a person’s emotions and logic support it • Intuition is not proof of fact – this is why we need social scientists – they prove or disprove what we BELIEVE to be true

  10. Question… • According to your intuition, would introducing the death penalty into a society decrease the murder rate?

  11. Anthropology: The Question of Kinship • Kinship is a family relationship based on what is a culture considers a family to be • The family unit can vary depending on the culture in which the family lives • Anthropologists have concluded that human cultures define the concept of marriage in three ways: mating (marriage), birth (descent) and nurturance (adoption) • Most human societies are patrilineal (organized through the father’s line). Examples?

  12. Methods Used by Anthropologists: • Participation-observation • Collection of statistics • Field interviews • Rigorous compilation of detailed notes • Fieldwork on anthropologists is know as “ethnography”: the scientific study of human races and cultures

  13. Schools of Thought in Anthropology: • School of thought: when a certain way of interpreting a discipline’s subject matter gains widespread credibility, it is considered to be a ‘school of thought’ • Anthropology Schools of Thought1. Functionalism2. Structuralism3. Cultural Materialism (Culturalism)

  14. Schools of Thought in Anthropology

  15. Schools of ThoughtContinued...

  16. Social Change • Refers to changes in the way society is organized, and in the beliefs and practices of the people who live in it • Change in the social structure and the institutions of society • Examples?

  17. Anthropology and Social Change: • Anthropologists regard CULTURES, the focus of their studies as constantly changing organisms • Key Questions • What are the known basic mechanisms of social change? • What ideas or explanations can we use to describe what causes cultures to change?

  18. Three Major Sources of Cultural Change (Anthropological Perspective) • Invention: new products, ideas and social patterns. Examples? • Discovery: finding something that was previously unknown to a culture. Examples? • Diffusion: spreading of ideas, methods and tools from one culture to another. Examples?

  19. Four Classifications of Culture: • Anthropologists focus on the process of ENCULTURATION (members of a culture learn and internalize shared ideas, values and beliefs) • Culture is made up of 4 inter-related parts: • Physical Environment • Level of Technology • Social Organization • System of Symbols

  20. Theories of Social Change... • Adaption to change or cultural change takes place through three methods: • Diffusion- one culture borrows cultural symbols from another • Acculturation- prolonged contact between two cultures where they interchange symbols, beliefs and customs • Cultural Evolution- cultures evolve according to common patterns

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