THEME 5: Air-Sea Interactions and Exchanges

1. THEME 5: Air-Sea Interactions and Exchanges • Understand and Describe the energy, moisture, and chemical exchanges between the atmosphere and the oceans and the consequent effects on the atmosphere and ocean structure, mixing and circulations.

2. Current Research • Study of Air-Sea Transfer Velocities Utilizing Gaseous Tracers • Project Personnel: Kevin Sullivan (UM/RMSAS); Mark Powell; Rik Wanninkhof (NOAA/AOML) • Goals: Quantify the rates of air-sea CO2 transfer in the Southern Ocean • Air-Sea Carbon Dioxide Fluxes and Surface Physical Processes • Project Personnel: Mark Donelan and Will Drennan (UM/RSMAS) • Goals: To improve our understanding of how various physical processes control CO2 transfer at the ocean surface. • Variability of Boundary Layer Structures and Cloud Properties over the Eastern Pacific • Project Personnel: Bruce A. Albrecht (UM/RSMAS); Patrick Minnis (NASA Langley) • Goals: Define and explain the variability in the characteristics of boundary layer clouds in the southeast trades across the Cold Tongue ITCZ Complex (CTIC).

3. Current Research • Real-time Hurricane Wind Analysis Project (H*WIND, JHT) • Project Personnel: Nicholas Carrasco, Nirva Morisseau-Leroy, Jason Dunion, and Sonia Otero (UM/RSMAS); Mark Powell (NOAA/AOML) • Goals: Software development & deployment of a real-time wind analysis application for tropical cyclones • Hurricane Heat Content Estimates For Intensity Forecasting Using SHIPS In Support of JHT • Project Personnel: L.Shay, M. Mainelli (TPC), M. DeMaria(NOAA-NESDIS/CIRA) • Goal: Implement hurricane heat content estimates from satellite and in situmeasurements with seasonal climatologies into the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction System to improve intensity forecasts in the Atlantic Ocean Basin. • A Study of Factors Controlling the Structure and Distribution of Precipitation in Hurricane • Project Personnel: Robert Rogers (UM/RSMAS); Shuyi Chen; Hugh Willoughby (NOAA/AOML) • Goals: Improved understanding of the effects of storm motion and vertical shear on the distribution of accumulated rainfall in tropical cyclones

4. Gradient Flux Technique Measured Gradient (3-13m) Gas Ex-2001 CO2 – w covariance from the bow of the Brown McGillis et al. (2001)

5. GasEx-2001 Best fit N.Atlantic & Southern Ocean Southern Ocean Dual Deliberate Tracer Study: First estimate of gas exchange in the southern Ocean Commonly used parameterization model the decrease in 3He/SF6 well Considering the error bars no definitive relationship can be proposed from this study. The relationship developed for the North Atlantic Study, Gas Ex -98 is consistent with the results: k = 0.0283 u3 (Sc/660) -0.5

6. Tropical Cyclones and Ocean Heat Content SST (left panels) and OHC (right panels) derived from radar altimeters for Pre-Lili (upper) and Post-Lili (lower) Relative to Storm Intensity. NOAA JHT Project

8. H*WIND Surface Wind: • Land-based radar, surface data, GIS. Development of a real-time surface analysis system for use by forecasters, etc.

9. High Resolution Models of TC Rain Hurricane Bonnie (1998) Cross-track shear Along-track shear Rogers et al 2002

10. High-resolution Models of TC Rain • Right-left rain asymmetry when along-track shear, but not when shear is cross-track • Schematic relationship between environmental shear, storm motion, and total rainfall. Reflectivity Accumulated Rainfall Rogers et al 2002

11. UM/RSMAS-NOAA/AOML Linkages CIMAS enables close cooperation and interaction between UM/RSMAS and NOAA/ AOML air-sea interaction communities: • National and International Projects (e.g., EPIC, CAMEX, CBLAST) • Center for Southeastern Tropical Advanced Remote Sensing (CSTARS) • NOPPs • Southeast Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing System (SEA-COOS) • NOAA Hurricane Field Program • TPC/NHC • UM-RSMAS Academic Program

12. NOAA/NSF EPIC Warm Pool/ITCZ Regime:AXCP/AXCTD and GPS Sondes From P-3 Shay and Zhang

13. UM/RSMAS-NOAA/AOML Capabilities • Human Resources • UM Faculty—Critical Mass in Air-Sea Interaction • Collaborations among AOML and UM Scientists • Adjunct UM Faculty from AOML and TPC/NHC • Students (Graduate and Undergraduates) • Research Associates

14. UM/RSMAS-NOAA/AOML Capabilities and Resources—Observational • Satellite and Airborne Oceanography • Airborne Data Sets (with NOAA WP-3D) • Radars (0.9, 9, and 95 GHz) • Shipborne (Walton Smith; Explorer of the Seas, Ron Brown) • Wind-Wave Tank • Buoys

15. SEA-COOS: HF Radar Test Bed Future: WERA: FMCW system, 100km range, ~750 m resolution. • Wellen Radar (red dots) • CODAR (gray area) • RCCL Explorer Ship Tracks (solid blue) • NCORE ocean moorings (black dots) Current

16. M-AERI radiometric measurements of air and sea temperatures.2001.

17. UM/RSMAS-NOAA/AOML Capabilities and Resources—Modeling • Modeling • Atmospheric (MM5 -> WRF) • Ocean (MYCOM, HYCOM) • Waves/Spray • Coupled Models

18. Future Plans and Vision Hurricane (FY-05 NOAA/OAR Long-term Initiative): • Air-Sea processes under high wind conditions • Representation of aerosol, moisture and microphysical processes and impact on TC intensity and rain • Future aircraft and ship-based observation programs (CAMEX-5, AMMA, HFP) Gilbert (1988) Lili (2002)

19. Future Plans and Vision • Climate Related Air-Sea Interaction: • ENSO • CTIC (Eastern Pacific), ITCZ (Atlantic) • Boundary Layer Clouds (VEPIC) • Western Hemisphere Warm Pool • Chemical Transports • Aerosols/Radiation and Climate