History and Activities of CNR-INOA: Italian National Institute of Optics

1. 30 giugno 2009 Physical Sciences Panel Speaker: Paolo De Natale CNR-INOA Headquarters, Florence Largo Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze Tel. +39 055 23081 - Fax +39 055 233 7755

2. HISTORY … thanks to the Italian Optical Association, after the meeting in Padova in 1927, The Istituto Nazionale di Ottica of Arcetri is founded, transforming the existing Precision Optical and Mechanical Laboratory…

3. HISTORY III National Exhibition of Optical Instruments (Florence, May1934): At the end of the visit, Guglielmo Marconi congratulates with Prof. Ronchi

4. HISTORY … the National Research Council, whose pre-eminent task is to awake and to promote the Scientific National organization’s conscience, today is glad to ascertain that the Optical Italian Association and the Institute which gives hospitality to it and which collaborates with it, the Royal National Institute of Optics, may aspire to the most desired title of merit towards the country.

5. HISTORY With this magnificent active the first decade of life of this Companionship closes, and the meeting that rightly we inaugurate in Florence, the town custodian of the Galileian traditions and lucky cradle and headquarters of many Florentine Optical Institutions, will mark the beginning of a new period… Rome , June 10th1936 Guglielmo Marconi CNR President

6. HISTORY The Institute building in 1927

7. CNR-INOA Today The Institute building in 2009

8. CNR-INOA Today INOA research activities are housed in several facilities andlaboratories spread countrywide. FIRENZE CNR-INOA (today) • the headquarter • 2 units • 7 laboratories

9. CNR-INOA Florence The headquarter is located in Arcetri, the historical site. Five other facilities/labs are present on the territory: Physics Dept. LENS Certification Lab., Capalle Optical Metrology Lab. c/o OPD Bio-medical Lab. c/o AOC FIRENZE

10. CNR-INOA The 2 units: Napoli and Lecce Two units of INOA are operating in two Obiettivo 1 regions: • Pozzuoli (Na) • Arnesano (Le) Milano Venezia FIRENZE Two Optical Metrology Labs for Cultural Heritage Diagnostics were also opened: • Milano • Venezia Napoli Lecce

11. STAFF

12. EXTERNAL FUNDS 2003-2008

13. Funding sources Consulting Institutional projects Ordinary funds for functioning Ordinary research funds

14. PROJECTS (FIRB young scientists + PRIN) / Researchers DMD Institutes

15. DIGITALIZING CNR-INOA • Web interface for accessing/editing/entering: • CNR "Commesse/moduli" info, Research products; • Research groups/personal info; • Calls for job, Master/Ph.D. thesis offers; • News, Conference organizations, Event/seminar announcements, Press review; • Time-sheet/lunch-tickets management; • Administrative/scientific document sharing, Internal bureaucracy (forms), Library catalogue. • Legally valid digital-signature for all documents • Web interface for internal management of: • Holiday requests; • Mission/purchase orders.

16. Research Education Collaborations with Private Companies (R&D) Activities towards Public Institutions CNR-INOA Activities 1 2 3 4

17. 4 CNR-INOA and Public End-Users • INOA develops a variety of optical and/or optoelectronic devices in the framework of research projects whose end-users are public Institutions, such as: • ESA, • ASI, • Universities, • Research Centers, • National museums, • Soprintendenze (locally based offices of the Italian Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali). • Main applications are in Aerospace, Environmental Physicsand CulturalHeritage.

18. Metropolitan Museum National Gallery Hermitage Museum Moravian Gallery National Gallery of Art S. Euthimios Chapel Musée des Beaux-Arts Gemäldegalerie Kiruna Saint Petersburg London New York Brno Paris Berlin Besancon Washington Thessaloniki Cape Canaveral Ouagadougou Aracatuba Darwin Kennedy Space Center measurement campaign AMMA, TROCCINOX, SCOUT-O3, EUPLEX 4 Public End-Users all over the world … CulturalHeritage Aerospace Environmental Physics

19. Osservatorio Vesuviano-INGV Dip. Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Univ. BO Dip. Scienze Ambientali, II Univ. NA Dip. Scienze della Terra, Univ. FI ASI IACSA IASF-INAF IFAC-CNR ISAC-CNR Verona Milano Venezia Museo dell’Accademia FI Museo di Brera Museo dell’Accademia VE Galleria Nazionale dell’Umbria Museo Civico AR Museo di Capodimonte Galleria Naz. Arte Antica IFAC-CNR LENS Dip. Fisica, Università di FE Dip. Ing. Informatica, Univ. SI Ferrara FIRENZE Pisa San Sepolcro Perugia L’Aquila IRSOO Istituto MARS IASF-INAF IACSA LENS IFAC-CNR Isti. di Neurofisiologia del CNR Dip. Astronomia - Università di FI Dip. Fisica - Politecnico MI Roma Brindisi Napoli Lecce 4 … and in Italy Environmental Physics CulturalHeritage Aerospace

20. 4 MAIN SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATIONS • In Italy • INFN • INGV • II University of Naples • Physics Dept. Politecnico of Milan • ICIB- CNR • IMM-CNR, Naples and Bologna • Univ. of Pavia • Univ. of Ferrara • Univ. of Florence • LENS • Chemistry Dept., University of Bologna • IFAC-CNR • ISAC-CNR • INAF • INRIM, Torino • Dept. Protezione Civile • … • Abroad • Geophysica GEIE (EU) • DLR (D); FZK (D) • Fraunhofer IFU (D) • CNRS (F) • Tel Aviv University (Israele) • Politecnico Zurigo (CH) • Royal Univ.-Stockholm (SE) • Osservatorio Neuchatel (CH) • Univ. Paris Sud (F) • Harvard University (USA) • Optoelectronics Centre (UK) • Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (D) • Universidad Complutense (E) • Boston University (USA) • Lund Institute of Technology (Lund, SE) • Queen’s Univ., Dept. of Chemistry (Canada) • Cranfield Univ., Optical Sensors Group (UK)

21. 3 CNR-INOA and Industry • INOA has well established relationships with many industries located in the Florentine area dealing with optics, lasers and optical components. • INOA acts both as a consultant and as a provider of services to industries in optical related fields, whereas companies also contact INOA to fullfill tasks in the frame of national and international collaborations.

22. 3 INOA industrial partners (Europe and USA) Astrium (GER) Alpes Lasers (CH) Lyncée Tech. S.A. (CH) BIAS (GER) EADS (GER) Verhaert Space (BEL) Lambda X (BEL) Avanex Inc. (USA) Holoeye Photonics Corp. (USA) AMO (USA) Stetson Ass. (USA) Alcatel Alenia Space (F)

23. Lecco Vicenza Milano Torino Assemblad BIOMERIEUX Italia spa CETACE (Lab. di Firenze Tecnologia) CSO Duralamp El.En. S.p.A. Galileo Avionica S.p.A. General Project Gestione Silo ID Design LAV SEAC srl Sodi Scientifica Targetti sankey s.p.a. Tecno Sistem Bologna Genova FIRENZE Arezzo Livorno L’Aquila Isernia Roma Sassari Napoli Matera 3 INOA industrial partners (Italy and Florentine Area) ADS International Alcatel Alenia Space Italia Andromeda Carlo Gavazzi Space CETACE CSO D`Appolonia EDISON spa El.En. ELSAG Finmeccanica ENEL Ricerca FATIF Galileian plus Galileo Avionica General Project Kaiser Italia LAV Mars-Telespazio New Tera Tech. SACMI SHAP SIRIO PANEL SIT Targetti Sankey

24. It is one of the most advanced sectors in the Florentine economy: the optical sector involves about 60 firms … … It is a segment asking for coordination and above all for stronger support from public institution . 3 From “Il Sole 24 Ore” January 2nd 2008

25. 2 EDUCATION CNR-INOA is operating in different fields of education: • University degree courses • Post doc courses • Distance learning • Outreach and Public Awareness of Science (e.g science festival and exhibition) • Professional education (e.g. industry-focused short courses, custom programs designed to meet specific business needs).

26. Development and technologies, materials and devices for applications to quantum optics and spectroscopy. Optical devices for industrial applications: diagnostic, development and characterization of new sources and optical components. Optical devices and methodologies for the Cultural Heritage. Development of optical diagnostic techniques: microscopy and interferometry. 1 CNR-INOA Major Research Lines

27. 1 Main Research Activities I • Quantum Optics: quantum properties of light; radiation-matter interactions (high-intensity interaction, ultrashort-pulse interaction); novel coherent sources. • Nonlinear Optics: highly nonlinear phenomena (high-order laser harmonic generation in the extreme ultraviolet); chaotic dynamics of lasers; micro/nano components. • Spectroscopy: high sensitivity and high precision techniques in difficult-to-access spectral ranges; optical frequency synthesizers (frequency combs). • Interferometry: techniques for the diagnostics of materials and processes; interferometric lithography for the realization of nanoscale and microscale structures; holography; OCT.

28. 1 Main Research Activities II • Microscopy: coherent optics for the study of materials and micro devices; holographic, confocal and AFM microscopy. • Sources: new architectures for lasers and coherent sources, also using nanostructured materials. • Optical systems: optical calculation; development and realization of advanced prototypes; micro/nano lenses in liquid phase; opto/microfluidics. • Optical Metrology: metrological techniques; accurate measurement of the physical parameters of optical components; characterization of optical components; photometry and colorimetry. • Visual Science: lighting engineering, ophthalmic optics, visual perception.

29. 1 Application fields • Environment: sensors for measuring physical-chemical parameters operating in the most diverse environmental conditions from volcanic calderas to stratospheric planes; measurement campaigns all over the world. • Cultural Heritage: instruments and techniques for the diagnostics and monitoring of works of art; in situ measurements in the most important museums all around the world in the frame of international collaborations and projects. • Industry and Space: high power continuous and pulsed laser sources in the framework of European Space Agency (ESA) projects; design and testing of optical components and systems (ordered by ESA, ASI and related companies). • Energy: high efficiency solar collectors; design and field-deployment of sensors for geothermal site monitoring. • Biotechnology: devices and equipments based on microscopy, interferometry, coherent sources and nonlinear crystals. Most of the consulting and certification activity is in the fields of radiometry, photometry, colorimetry, lighting engineering and testing of opticalsystems.

30. 1 SOLAR COLLECTORS LABORATORY Competencies: • Optical project and testing of optical systems • Radiometry, Photometry, Lighting simulation • Innovative and original solar tracking systems • Design of solar simulators • Development of optical set-up for CPV testing • Study of collection optics for concentration on PV cells • Optical controls on heliostats or other solar optical components • Solar devices for the detoxification of polluted waters

31. 1 Main projects of the SOLAR COLLECTORS LAB • SALTO “Solar Assisted cooLing Toscana” Progetto Integrato di Ricerca POR Ob.3 Toscana 2000-2006 Misura D4. • CESARE “Concentrated PV combinEd SolAR Energy system” finanziato dalla Regione TOSCANA 2008-2009. • SCOOP “Italian Solar Concentration TechOnologies for Photovoltaic systems” Industria 2015 –Bando Efficienza Energetica. • PIACE “Piattaforma intelligente, Integrata e Adattativa di microCogenerazione ad elevata Efficienza per usi residenziali” Industria 2015 - Bando Efficienza Energetica • Collaborations with ENEA (Centro Ricerca Portici-NA): Phocus Project (2003), Solar Simulator (2005), ELIOSLAB Project (2008/9).

32. 1 Project STAR - High Efficiency Thermodynamic Solar Aim: development of a demonstrator of a high efficiency solar concentrator based on the adaptive optics technology for the most recent astronomical telescopes. An innovative concentrator is formed by ~ 70 modules that can change their shape according to the height of the Sun over the horizon. The set of modules redirects the light onto a secondary mirror located in the center of rotation from which light reaches the final converter. funding from Regione Toscana 520.000 € • CNR-INOA partners: • INAF • IBIMET-CNR (FI) • Ronda High Tech (VI) • Dept. of Energetics, Univ. of Florence • Dept. of Astronomy and Space Science, Univ. of Florence

33. 1 Volcanic monitoring Le Scienze, January 2008

34. 1 Atmospheric monitoring Geophysica stratospheric platform AUSTRALIA BRAZIL M55 altitude (km) CO concentration (ppbV) COLD INSTRUMENT

35. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005 Theodor W. Hänsch “ … for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique " 1 • Optical non-linear effects The birth of frequency combs

36. 1 Extending the COMB to the INFRARED • Development of innovative sources for: • Difference frequency generation • Quantum Cascade Lasers l • High-precision spectroscopy on the strongest molecular transitions. • High-sensitivity trace gas detection. • Infrared metrology. Ultra-stable, widely tunable and absolutely linked mid-IR coherent source, I. Galli et al., Opt. Express 17, 9582-9587 (2009)

37. 1 Quantum Cascade Lasers collaboration with Federico Capasso Group Harvard University LiquidNitrogen collaboration with Jerome Faist Group ETH Zürich FET-Open project successfully passed the first evaluation stage From pioneering spectroscopy with cryogenic QCLs … Peltier Coolers … to the design of room temperature compact mid-IR sources... Participants: • Leeds, UK • CNRS, France (Carlo Sirtori) • Paris Sud, France • CNR-INOA, Italy • NTT, Italy • Recent publications on QCLs: • Doppler-free polarization spectroscopy with a quantum cascade laser at 4.3 μm, S. Bartalini et al., Opt. Express 17, 7440-7449 (2009). • Lamb-dip-locked quantum cascade laser for comb-referenced IR absolute frequency measurements, S. Borri et al., Opt. Express 16, 11637 (2008). • Frequency-comb-referenced quantum-cascade laser at 4.4 m, S. Bartalini et al., Opt. Lett. 32, 988-990 (2007). • Frequency modulation spectroscopy by means of quantum-cascade lasers, S. Borri et al., App. Phys. B 85, 223-229 (2006). … to the development of next generation THz laser sources and their applications.

38. 1 • Quantum optics Watching the particle-to-wave transition of light Fundamental physical processes Advanced, single-photon level, diagnostic techniques

39. 1 • Quantum engineering of light First direct observation of the non-commutativity of bosonic operators:

40. 1 • Quantum Engineering of Light • Next tasks: • Generation of arbitrary superpositions of quantum operators • Quantitative verification of the bosonic commutation relations • [M. S. Kim, H. Jeong, A. Zavatta, V. Parigi, and M. Bellini Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 260401 (2008)] • Future perspectives: • Fundamental tests of quantum physics • Full engineering of light for quantum information technologies • Development of new sources and devices for quantum communication and computation

41. Thank you for your attention For further information www.inoa.it