The Progressive Era

1. The Progressive Era

2. Who were the Progressives? • Chiefly middle-class residents of U.S. Cities • Doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers • Cared for the poor and the less fortunate and insisted on honesty in public life. • Believed that honest government and just laws could improve human condition. • Challenged fixed notions that stood in the way of reform

3. PROGRESSIVES PARTY PLATFORM • Attack … • The abuses of _______________ • Rate-fixing practices of _____________ • ___________ labor in factories & mines • Corruption of big-city political machines • Women’s ________________ • ____________________ programs • Civil service • Better pay & shorter hours for workers

4. ______________________ Informed the public about the “dirty” realities of party politics Told of scandalous conditions in factories and slums

5. Famous Muckrakers • Henry Demarest Lloyd • Atlantic Monthly: Attacked practices of Standard Oil Co. • Samuel Sidney _____________ and Lincoln _____________ • McClure’s Magazine: Published shocking exposés of political and economic corruption. • Jacob Riis • How the Other Half Lives: Articles on tenement life.

6. Lincoln Steffens • 1903 – ___________ ____ ______ ________ • Political Corruption • Companies charging high fees – Government supported?! • Works of the Political Machine EXPOSED!

7. “The visitor [to St. Louis] is told of the wealth of the residents, of the financial strength of the banks, and of the growing importance of the industries; yet he sees poorly paved, refuse-burdened streets, and dusty or mud-covered alleys; he passes a ramshackle firetrap crowded with the sick and learns that it is the City Hospital…Finally he turns a tap in the hotel to see liquid mud flow into [the] wash basin or bathtub.” - Lincoln Steffens and Claude Wetmore, “Corruption and Reform in St. Louis,” McClure’s Magazine, October 1902

8. Jacob Riis • New York Evening Sun • Crowded, unsafe, rat-infested _____________ buildings “Long ago it was said that ‘one half of the world does not know how the other half lives.’… It did not know because it did not care.”

11. Upton Sinclair • The ____________ • Related the despair of immigrants working in Chicago’s stockyards • Revealed the unsanitary conditions in the industry Handout – Reading on The Jungle

12. Reforms in Society • Social ____________ • Settlement House • Protecting Children and Improving ________ • Helping _______________ Workers

13. Social Gospel • Apply Christian principles to society • Walter Rauschenbusch – Christianity and the Social Crisis • Protestant followers – urged end of child labor and shorter work week • Limit the power of corporations and trusts

14. Settlement House • Provided social services • Classes for mothers on child care • Taught English to immigrants • Theater, art, and dance classes for adults • Jane ____________ – Hull House in 1889 • 1911- more than 400 settlement houses in U.S.A

15. The Children… • Florence __________ – National Child Labor Committee which led to the U.S. Children’s Bureau in 1912 • 1938 – Child labor ended The Fight to End Child Labor http://www.history.com/topics/child-labor/videos#the-fight-to-end-child-labor

20. Improving Education • Laws passed requiring children to attend school • What should they learn? • Work skills? • Literature and music? • Girls learn different subjects than boys? • John _____________ – criticized American schools • Memorize facts but needed to think creatively • History and Geography • Cooking and Carpentry

22. Helping Industrial Workers • 1900s – highest rate of industrial accidents in the world • Long hours, poor ventilation, hazardous fumes, unsafe machinery • 30,000/year died on the job – another half a million injured • Compensation laws • Limit work hours • 1905 –_______________v. New York – such laws unconstitutional

24. Political Reforms in Cities and StatesThe Cornerstone of Progressive ideology was faith in Democracy • Voter Participation • Municipal Reform • State Reform

25. Voter Participation • Australian/ ____________ Ballot • Required voters to mark their choices secretly within the privacy of a curtained booth • Direct Primaries • Robert La Follette introduced method of nominating party candidates by majority vote • Direct Election of U.S. Senators • _____________ Amendment: Required all U.S. Senators to be elected by popular vote

26. Voter Participation (cont.) • Initiative, Referendum, Recall • ____________________: Voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill • ____________________: Allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots • ______________: Enabled voters to remove a corrupt politician by majority vote

27. Municipal Reform • Comprehensive Program of Municipal Reform • Mayor Samuel M. “Golden Rule” Jones introduced it • Included free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds • Controlling Public Utilities • Cities came to own/operate gas lines, electric power plants, urban transportation systems • Commissions and City Managers • Voters elected heads of city departments

28. State Reform • “Wisconsin Idea”- Series of Progressive measures; included direct primary law, tax reform, regulation of railroad rates. • Hiram Johnson, governor of California – Direct primary, initiative, referendum, and recall; careful use of natural resources • Teddy _____________– Fair system for hiring state workers; corporations pay taxes • Woodrow _________ – Reduced railroads’ power; direct primary law

29. Section 2 Women Make Progress

30. Hardships “It was a world of greed; the human being didn’t mean anything. The hours were from 7:30 in to the morning to 6:30 at night when it wasn’t busy. When the season was on we worked until 9:00. No overtime pay, not even supper money…When you were told Saturday afternoon through a sign on the elevator, ‘If you don’t come in on Sunday, you needn’t come in on Monday,’ what choice did you have? You had no choice.” - Pauline Newman, organizer of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union AND employee at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Packet along with questions on the “History of Women’s Rights” – with the help of your textbook: pages 836-856

31. Reformers Champion Working Women’s Rights • Limit number of work hours – success • 1903 Oregon law capped women’s workdays at 10 hours • 1908 –__________________ v. Oregon: Long hours harmed working women and their families • Women could be “properly placed in a class” by themselves – same laws not allowed for men • Women paid less than men for same job – used same ruling • Florence ________________ – Women hurt by unfair prices on goods • National Consumers League (NCL) • Special labels to “goods produced under fair, safe, and healthy working conditions” • Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL) • Minimum wage; 8-hour work day

32. Changes in Family Life • Temperance Movement led by the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) • _______th Amendment – outlawed the production and sale of alcohol • Margaret _______________ • Fewer children; First birth control clinic • 1921 – American Birth Control League: Information on family planning • Ida Wells • National Association of Colored Women (NACW): help less fortunate; set up daycare centers to protect and educate black children

36. Suffrage • Carrie ____________ _________ • National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • “Winning Plan” • 1. Lobbied Congress to pass a constitutional amendment • 2. Referendum process for state suffrage laws • “Society Plan” • Recruit wealthy, well-educated women • African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Jewish immigrants : “suffragettes”

37. The Campaign for Women’s Suffrage The Progressive era was a time of increased activism and optimism for a new generation of feminists Militant suffragists • Alice ___________ formed the National Women’s party in 1916 - took more aggressive action • ________________ Amendment (1920) • 1920 - granted women’s right to vote in all elections at the local, state, and national level

39. Sufferin’ Till Suffrage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dPF0SGh_PQ

40. Section 3 The Struggle Against Discrimination

42. African Americans in the Progressive Era • African Americans were, for the most part, ignored by the Progressive presidents and governors • Progressives did nothing about segregation and lynching for 2 reasons: • They shared in the general prejudice of the times • They considered other reforms to be more important since they benefited everyone in American society, not just one group

44. __________________ Stressed economics Thought that blacks should concentrate on learning industrial skills for better wages ______________ Stressed civil rights Arguedthat political and social rights were a prerequisite for economic independence Two Approaches: Washington and Du Bois

46. Carrie Chapman Catt is to Booker T. Washington as ______________________ is to _____________________________

47. __________Migration • Between 1910 and 1930, about one million blacks traveled north to seek jobs in the cities • Motivating their decision to leave the South were: • Deteriorating race relations • Destruction of their cotton crops by the boll weevil • Job opportunities in northern factories that opened up when white workers were drafted in World War I

48. Assignment: On a sheet of paper that you will turn in and with the use of your textbook, pages 228-232, write 2-3 COMPLETE sentences about each of the African American Civil Rights Organizations. Include the people behind/involved in the organizations, and the main goals of each organization.

49. Civil Rights Organizations • In 1905, W.E.B. Du Bois and a group of black intellectuals started the Niagara Movement • On Lincoln’s birthday in 1908, Du Bois and the Niagara Movement formed the ___________ • National Urban League formed in 1911 to help those migrating from the South to northern cities